仰韶文化东庄类型研究

THE STUDY ON THE DONGZHUANG TYPE OF THE YANGSHAO CULTURE

二十世纪七八十年代,考古学界就认识到豫西晋南地区仰韶早期遗存同关中地区仰韶文化半坡类型存在一些差别〔1〕,后来严文明更明确将这类遗存称为东庄类型〔2〕,东庄类型遂成为较早命名的仰韶文化主要类型之一。以河南三门峡和山西运城盆地、临汾盆地为主的豫西晋南地区位处仰韶文化中心分布区,但以往这一地区经过发掘的仰韶早期遗址很少,发现的遗存尚不丰富,文化面貌还不甚清晰。致使现在看来属于该阶段的遗存往往被划归到仰韶中期。相关研究也尚未开展,这一时期的遗址没有一处经过哪怕是最粗略的再分期(分段),也没有开展相应的测年工作。因此,对于东庄类型的文化内涵、发展脉络、历时年代以及与半坡类型的关系等问题的认识不甚清晰,或存在很大偏差。

The Dongzhuang Type of the Yangshao Culture distributed mainly in western Henan and southern Shanxi is an important type of the early phase of the Yangshao Culture.Because of the rare discovery of the remains of this type in the p ast,the fundamental studies on this type were insufficient.Through comprehensive collection and analyses of the relevant archaeological materials of these regions,this paper identified many remains belonging to the early phase of the Yangshao Culture,made close periodizations to every site,and finally divided the Dongzhuang Type into three phases and six stages.The features of this type included house foundations,ash pits(refuse m iddens),burials,etc.The pottery vessels are mainly made of red fine clay pottery and reddish-brown sand-tempered pottery.Most of the pottery wares are plain,and the decorative patterns are cord m ark,bowstring pattern,awlpicked pattern,etc.,plus some color-painted designs.The pottery types are pointed-bottomed bottles with small m outh,sand-tempered pottery ja rs,basins,ju gs,v a ts,bow ls,etc.The pointed-bottomed bottle with cup-shaped small mouth is the representative pottery vessel of Dongzhuang T yp e,which generally does not have neck but the shoulder is bulging,and the belly is slender.The rims of the sand-tempered pottery jars are usually narrow.The bottoms of basins and bowls are mostly flat.Referring to the 14C dating resu lts,the date of this type is estimated to be around 4300-3800 B C,lasting for about 500 years.Based on the periodization and cultural analyses,this paper systematically elucidated the origin,genealogy and the relationship of the Dongzhuang Type with the contemporaneous Banpo Type mainly distributed in the Guanzhong region:the Dongzhuang Type mainly came from the Zaoyuan Type of the early Yangshao Culture distributed in western Henan and southern Shanxi through long time of development,gradual evolution and natural transition,and roughly naturally evolved into the Miaodigou Type in the middle phase of the Yangshao Culture.Dongzhuang Type and Banpo Type are generally parallel developing but relatively independent typ es,the latter of which lasted slightly longer than the former.This also laid the foundation for the clarification of the relationship between the Banpo Type and Miaodigou T yp e,which are two famous types of the Yangshao Culture.