美国国家公园的旅游开发及其环境影响(1915—1929)

The Tourism Development of the U.S. National Parks and Its Environmental Impact (1915-1929)

1915—1929年史蒂芬·马瑟主政时期,美国公园局确立并执行了以旅游开发为中心的政策。在此期间,马瑟及其领导的国家公园局极力宣传国家公园的景观和娱乐价值,推动国家公园交通体系与旅游接待设施建设,同时通过人为调配自然资源、举办专题活动等方式构建丰富多样的旅游项目,将国家公园打造成了颇受美国民众青睐的"国家游乐场"。但是,对国家公园的旅游开发也衍生出一系列环境问题,并受到科学界的质疑与批评。对此,国家公园局也做出了一些政策调整,但并未从根本上动摇以旅游开发为中心的管理政策。这一时期美国国家公园旅游开发政策的形成与实践是国家公园思想与现实环境共同作用的结果,反映了旅游因素在美国早期国家公园建构中起到的重要作用。

When Stephen Mather took office between 1915 and the early 1929,the policy that centered on the tourism development was established and applied in the national park management.During this period,Mather and National Park Service widely publicized the national parks,promoted the constructions of the traffic system and tourist facilities,and built a series of tourism programs through the artificial distribution of natural resources and the holding of thematic events,eventually forging national parks as‘national pleasuring ground’.However,the tourism development in national parks also resulted in many environmental problems,which was increasingly questioned and criticized by the scientific community.National Park Service therefore adjusted its management policies,but this did not fundamentally change the tourism development policy.The formation and practice of the tourism development in national parks by the Mather administration was the outcome of the combined effect between the idea of national park and the social environment,reflecting that the tourism factors played an important role in the construction of the early U.S.national parks.