战后初期美国关于普遍军事训练问题的争论及其意义

The Debate on Universal Military Training in the U.S. during the Early Post-War Period and its Significance

战后初期,围绕杜鲁门政府提出的普遍军事训练议案,美国国内不同群体进行了激烈的争辩。这场全国性辩论触及战后美国国家目标、公民责任以及国家安全与公民自由间关系等诸多问题,反映出美国社会对全民军事化和国家权力威胁民主政治的恐惧心理,显现了杜鲁门政府在寻求国家安全和公民自由之间的平衡上所面临的困境。普遍军事训练议案的流产说明,即使在冷战初期国家安全观念占据绝对优势的情况下,弥漫在美国社会的传统"自由"观念对国家权力的扩张仍具有相当大的制约作用。杜鲁门政府对普遍军事训练议案的宣传活动,构成了他们以"捍卫自由"话语为特征的冷战动员的重要组成部分,这在一定程度上为后来美国国内达成冷战共识奠定了舆论基础。

During the early postwar period,different groups within the U.S.conducted an intense debate on Universal Military Training proposed by the Truman administration.This national debate referred to many issues after the Second World War,including the national objective of the U.S.,citizen responsibilities,and the relation between national security and civil liberty.This reflected the American social anxieties concerning the national militarization and the threatening of state power to democratic politics,and showed that the Truman administrations predicament when it sought for the balance between national security and civil liberty.The failure of the debate on Universal Military Training indicated the prevailing value of liberty in the American society still substantially restricted the expansion of state power,even under the circumstance that the idea of national security was in the overwhelming dominance in the early Cold War.The Truman administration held a set of propaganda activities aiming at the bill of Universal Military Training,becoming a significant part of the Cold War mobilization with the feature of‘defending the freedom’discourse.This partly laid a public foundation for reaching the Cold War Consensus within the U.S.afterwards.