日本室町时期的德政一揆及其影响

Tokusei Ikki and Its Impact during the Muromachi Period of Japan

始于室町正长元年(1428年)的德政一揆是日本近代以前民众斗争的最高形态。在此后的百余年间,德政一揆频繁爆发,成为该时期民众斗争的主要形式。德政一揆源于高利贷借贷双方的经济矛盾,其主要诉求即在于合法取消债务关系。由于室町幕府掌握着高利贷的税收权,充当了高利贷资本的保护者,因此德政一揆的斗争矛头转向幕府,要求幕府颁布德政令成为德政一揆的最高斗争目标。一揆民众使用武力威胁、打砸破坏等暴力手段攻击高利贷经营者,还利用宗教对幕府的影响力,成功迫使室町幕府颁布德政令。这些行为不仅打破了室町社会的经济秩序,严重影响了幕府的财政收入,更冲击了幕府的权威及权力结构,撼动了室町幕府的统治根基,为室町幕府的解体埋下了肇因。

As the highest struggling form of the Japanese people before the modern times,the tokusei ikki initially started from the first year of Shocho(A.D.1428).In the following hundred years,tokusei ikki broke out frequently,becoming the main form of the popular struggles during this period.Tokusei ikki originated from the economic conflict between the usurers and debtors,so the main demand of tokusei ikki lied in the legal cancellation of the debt relationship.For the Muromachi bakufu grasped the taxing power on usury and acted as a protector of usurious capital.Therefore,the focus of the struggle turned to the bakufu and the declaration of tokusei law became the highest struggle goal of tokusei ikki.By virtue of the violent means,including threatening,smashing and others,as well as the religious influence on the bakufu,tokusei ikki eventually succeeded in forcing the Muromachi bakufu to declare the tokusei law,which not only destroyed the economic order of the society,but seriously affected the bakufus fiscal revenue.As a state power,the authority of Muromachi bakufu was impacted and its ruling foundation was directly shaken accordingly.