张九成与朱熹慎独工夫的路径及分歧

The Differences about Restraining in Privacy between Zhang Jiucheng and Zhu Xi

慎独作为儒家重要的修养工夫,宋代理学和心学对其各有阐发。朱熹将《中庸》中的慎独和戒惧解读为两种工夫,慎独是已发之后为善去恶的工夫,戒惧是心存敬畏、主敬存养的工夫;张九成认为慎独与戒惧相同,都是对天理本心的体认,是一种直取本体的工夫路径。二人慎独思想存在差异的根本原因,是理学和心学对本体理解不同。朱熹之"性即理",是寂然不动的形而上本体;张九成之"心即理",是贯穿形上形下、已发未发的本体。因而朱熹的工夫论中必须要有心的思维作用,为学与主敬并重;张九成的工夫论中心即本体即工夫,以心识心。朱熹与张九成慎独思想的差异,正是心学与理学工夫论的根本分歧。

Restraining in privacy is an important cultivation effort of Confucianism,which was further developed by Neo-Confucianism.When Zhu Xi interpreted The Doctrine of the Mean,he distinguished restraining in privacy from being cautious and apprehensive.Restraining in privacy was an effort when thoughts/emotions have arisen,but being cautious and apprehensive was an effort when thoughts/emotions haven′t arisen.Different from Zhu Xi,Zhang Jiucheng took restraining in privacy and being cautious and apprehensive as one effort,which was a way to reaching noumenon.The difference between their theories of effort is rooted in the difference of their theory of noumenon.Zhu Xi regarded human nature as heaven principle,which was the motionless metaphysical noumenon,and Zhang Jiucheng regarded heart-mind as heaven principle,which was a kind of noumenon going through the phyisal and metaphysical,and the arisen and the not-arisen.In Zhu Xi′s theory of effort,the thinking function of heart is a must,and learning and reverence are both attached great importance to.But in Zhang Jiucheng′s thought,heart-knowing-heart was running through all the time and the noumenon is also the effort.The difference between Zhu Xi′s and Zhang Jiucheng′s thoughts,is exactly the fundamental disagreement between the school of principle and the school of mind.