拉铁摩尔对近代东北移民的考察及其认识限度

Lattimore's Investigation and Cognitive Limits of Northeast Immigration in Modern Times

欧文·拉铁摩尔是美国著名的汉学家和边疆学家,东北移民现象是其边疆考察的重要内容之一。他将东北的移民进程置于中国历史的长时段中加以分析,将东北移民分为季节性移民、军事移民以及近代的铁路移民。东北的移民在近代发生了巨大变化。铁路的出现改变了移民长久以来的季节性迁徙方式;军事移民从传统的征兵制度转变为职业性雇佣兵的军事体制;关内移民的汉文化对东北地区的渗透逐渐被西方的工业文明传播所取代。拉铁摩尔对东北移民的考察揭示了关内移民开发东北的历史进程和东北发展的多民族文化特征,为我们理解中华民族历史发展的"中国性"内涵提供了注脚。但是,拉铁摩尔毕竟只是一位徒步考察的边疆学者,他难以从中国的内部解释移民的动因,也没有完全站在移民的视角上看待问题,因而有认识限度。

Owen Lattimore is a well-known sinologist and frontier scientist in the United States,whose frontier research fundamentally concerns the phenomenon of immigration in northeast China.He analyses the proceeding of immigrating in the northeast combined with the long-term history in China,classifying the northeast immigrants into seasonal immigrants,military immigrants as well as modern railway immigrants.And the modern times has witnessed the tremendous changes on the immigration in the northeast.The emergency of railways has changed seasonal migrating for a long time;the military immigrants have transferred the traditional conscription system to the military system of professional mercenaries;the Han culture permeated by the immigrants inside Shanhaiguan Pass in Northeast China has been gradually replaced by the spread of industrial civilization in the West.Lattimore’s observation of northeast immigrants reveals the historical process of exploitation in Northeast China and the multi-ethnic cultural characteristics of the Northeast development,which provides a footnote for us to understand the connotation of“Chineseness”in the historical development of the Chinese nation.Nevertheless,Lattimore is merely a frontier scholar on a hike.Neither has he interpreted the motives of immigration from the interior factors in China nor has he regarded the problem from the perspective of immigrants,thus it has its limitations.