日本涉农法律制度及政策调整

The Implications of Agriculture and Rural Legal Systems Modification in Japan

日本农业资源禀赋先天不足,近年来人口少子老龄化加剧,农业专业经营户减少,农业农村发展出现不少新问题。为解决上述问题,日本不断修改法律,调整政策,推进改革。具体体现为:制定《食物·农业·农村基本法》,谋求粮食、农业和农村的协调发展;完善农村金融法律制度,提升服务质量,形成以合作性金融为主体、政策性金融为支撑、商业性金融积极介入的农村金融服务格局;调整农地制度,转变农地流转方式,放宽农地流转主体限制,实现农地高效利用;修改《农业协同组合法》,推动农协法人治理,扩大基层农协经营自主权,推动农协业务回归本位。

A lack of natural endowment is regarded as a disadvantage for agricultural and rural development in Japan.With an increasing number of ageing population and a decreasing number of professional agricultural producers,Japan has been facing new challenges.Therefore,the Japanese government has been continuously taking reform measures including policy adjustment and legislation improvement.First of all,the Japanese government has enacted the Basic Law on Food,Agriculture and Rural Areas for the purpose of coordinating the development of agriculture,rural areas and the food industry.Secondly,in the process of reforms and development in Japan’s rural financial system,a comprehensive rural financial system has been formed in which cooperative finance was playing a fundamental role,being supported by policy finance and commercial finance.Thirdly,land policy reforms including ways of land transfer and restrictions of entrance permit have promoted rural land utilization in a more efficient way.Fourthly,the Japanese government has revised the cooperative laws,which has made it possible to empower grassroots organizations and provide farmers with access to better services.