农地制度变迁的机理与合约分析:生产队制和家庭联产承包责任制

The Mechanism and Contract Analysis of Farmland System Change: the Production Team System and the Household Contract Responsibility System

家庭联产承包责任制在农业生产上的高能激励自农地制度变革以来一直被学界所推崇,但这并不意味着生产队制的低效率。为此,在否定以生产队制低效率作为农地制度变迁的解释的基础上,从发展战略转换、制度安排缺陷、农民信念及其他方面尝试性地探讨了推动生产队制向家庭联产承包责任制变迁的内在原因,并且从生产责任制形式、土地分配方式、期限结构等方面详细阐述了家庭联产承包责任制向农业产出最大化演化的过程。相应地,伴随着农地制度变迁而来的是签约主体以及合约结构的变动,因此,从合约的角度进一步研究了生产队制与家庭联产承包责任制在合约实施和劳动监督与计量上的差别,以及作为二者共同之处的合约模糊性特征,并在此基础上对家庭联产承包责任制下税费合约的性质与形式进行了具体的分析。

The high-energy incentive of the Household Contract Responsibility System(HCRS)in the agricultural production has been respected in academic circles since the Farmland Reform,but this does not deny the efficiency of the Production Team System(PTS).In this premise,this paper probes into the internal reasons promoting the transfer of the PTS to the HCRS from various perspectives,including development strategy transformation,insititution deficiency and farmers’belief,and expounds on the evolution process of the HCRS to the maximization of agricultural output from aspects like,the form of production responsibility,the method of land distribution and the term structure.Correspondingly,the change of farmland system is accompanied by the change of contract subjects and contract structure.Therefore,this paper further studies the differences between these two systems in contract implementation and labor supervision and measurement,as well as the contract ambiguity characteristics that are common to both,and on this basis,the nature and the form of the contract of tax and fee under the HCRS are analyzed in detail.