论皮平与海德格尔关于尼采之言诠释的差异--以后康德哲学为视角的研究

On the Differences Between Pippin's and Heidegger's Interpretations of Nietzsche's words:In a Post-Kantian Perspective

在"上帝死了"这句话里,海德格尔与皮平关心的不是上帝而是人,不是永恒而是现代,不是信仰而是理性。对于尼采,海德格尔采取形而上学诠释,而皮平(Robert Pippin)则采取道德心理学诠释。两者有着相似的议程,即:他们都主张在语境中把尼采之言解读为关于现代性的隐喻。但是,这种相似性使得人容易忽视两者之间的根本分歧。海德格尔对上帝之死的解读最终指向理性之死,即:以理性为思想的最大敌人。在此,海德格尔实际上呼应着黑格尔在《信仰与知识》里借助"上帝之死"与"哲学之死"的隐喻提出的对康德式二分法的批判。但是,康德式理性的失败并非意味着理性本身的失败。海德格尔的推论可能太快了。相比之下,皮平的诠释在语境定位上与海德格尔有着一系列微妙而关键的差异。笔者试图在后康德哲学的视野里指出,这些语文学上的差异有着更为一般的哲学关怀,它展现着皮平对现代性和理性本身的乐观主义:现代性问题之和解还保留着一种历史的可能性,而理性是不死的。在这两种诠释之间,我们最终看到两条哲学之路的分野。

For both Martin Heidegger and Robert Pippin,the so-called death of God is not about God,eternity or faith,but about humanity,modernity and reason.While Heidegger takes a metaphysical interpretation of Nietzsche,Pippin turns to a moral psychological approach.They share a set of similar agenda by reading Nietzsche s words as a metaphor about modernity.However,the similarity may overshadow their fundamental divergence.Heidegger s interpretation of the death of God ultimately refers to the death of reason,by concluding reason as the greatest rival of thinking.In this way,Heidegger actually follows Hegel s metaphors about the death of God and the death of philosophy in Knowledge and Faith,which criticizes Kantian dichotomy.However,even if Kantian reason had failed,it would never infer that reason itself fails.Heidegger is too fast in this deduction.By contrast,there are a series of subtle yet vital differences between Pippin s and Heidegger s interpretation with regard to the determination of contexts.In a post-Kantian perspective,this paper argues that there is a fundamental difference between their philosophical visions behind these philological differences,by which Pippin enlightens an optimism upon modernity and reason itself.For Pippin,there remains a historical possibility for the reconciliation in the modernity problem,and reason itself is not dead.Between the two interpretations,we shall see the divergence of two philosophical ways.