特朗普执政以来德国对美政策的调整:背景、内容与特点

The Adjustments of German Policy to the United States in Trump's Administration——Background,Contents and Features

特朗普执政以来,美国在贸易政策、北约集体防务和全球治理等方面的政策调整损害了跨大西洋关系的共同价值与利益基础,改变了德美盟友间的合作范式,使自由和基于规则的国际秩序受到侵蚀。美国外交政策的转变是德国对美政策调整的外部催化剂。与此同时,德国外交政策朝着积极有为的方向转变,构成了德国对美政策调整的内部驱动因素。德国对美政策调整具体表现为:在经贸领域,以统一的欧盟方案应对贸易摩擦;在安全与防务领域,将扩大防务支出提上日程并积极推动欧盟防务一体化进程。总体上,德国对美政策调整呈现出如下三个特点:首先,德国对美国的定位从"价值盟友"转变为"利益伙伴";第二,德国以欧盟为依托增强处理德美关系的话语权;第三,德国与中国、俄罗斯组成临时性"议题联盟"以应对美国政策转变。

Since the Trump administration in the United States,the policy adjustments in trade,NATO collective defense,and global governance have damaged the common values and interests of the transatlantic relations,changed the paradigm of cooperation between Germany and the United States,and made free and rule-based international orders eroded.The change in the U.S.foreign policy is an external catalyst for Germany’s adjustments of its U.S.policy.At the same time,German’s foreign policy is moving towards a proactive direction,which constitutes an internal driving force for the adjustments of its U.S.policy.Germany’s policy adjustments towards the United States are specifically reflected in the use of a unified European Union(EU)scheme in trade and economics to deal with trade frictions.Besides,in the area of security and defense,the increase of defense expenditure is put on the agenda and the EU’s defense integration process is actively promoted.In general,the adjustments have shown the following three characteristics.First,Germany’s orientation of the United States has shifted from a“a value-based ally”to“an interest-based partner”.Second,Germany has relied on the EU to strengthen its discourse in dealing with Germany-U.S.relations.Third,Germany has formed a temporary“alliance”with China and Russia to respond to the U.S.policy changes.