孝道的构建与先秦儒家对古礼的改造——以丧礼中的祥、禫同异月问题为例

The Construction of Filial Piety and the Confucian Reformation of the Ancient Rituals in the Pre-Qin Period

周末礼崩乐坏,孔子以孝道为中心,通过对旧制度的改造,建立了一套新的社会、伦理及政治制度,从而影响了此后两千多年传统中国的发展过程。孝道本属家庭中的血亲伦理,然在西周宗法社会,孝道始终受到尊尊原则的压抑,至春秋中晚期,随着宗法制度的崩溃,孝道逐渐得到彰显,而儒家更是将孝道扩充开来并使之越出家庭伦理的范围,成为普遍的社会、政治准则。文章围绕古代"三年之丧"中祥、禫这两种丧礼的关系入手,立足于先秦礼书中关于相关制度的记载,并结合汉以后历代学者对此问题的讨论,从而揭示春秋以来彰显出来的孝道是如何深深影响到儒家对经典的具体诠释的。正因如此,儒家对孝道的高扬与现代中国对孝道的贬抑形成了巨大的反差。

Since the end of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty when the ancient ritual rules were abolished,Confucius,with focus on filial piety,had established a new set of social,ethical and political systems through the transformation of the old system,which influenced the development of China for more than two thousand years later.Filial piety belonged to the blood relation ethics,but in the patriarchal society of the West Zhou Dynasty,it was always repressed by the principle of respect.In the late Spring and Autumn Period,with the collapse of the patriarchal system,filial piety was gradually revealing itself,and expanded by the Confucianists and went beyond the family ethics,and became a universal social and political quasi standard.This paper begins with the relationship between the Xiang and Dan in the ancient“three years of funeral”.Based on the records of the related systems in the pre-Qin books of rituals and the discussion of the scholars after the Han Dynasty,it sheds light on how filial piety has deeply influenced the Confucian interpretation of the classics since the Spring and Autumn Period.It can be seen that the Confucian extolling of filial piety has formed a sharp contrast with the belittling of filial piety in modern China.