我国职业足球转会制度变迁的自组织演化:诱因、动力及路径

The Self-organizing Evolution of Transition of Chinese Professional Soccer Transfer System: Incentive, Motivation and Path

采用文献资料调研、专家访谈、案例研究及逻辑分析等方法,以自组织理论为基础,阐释了我国职业足球转会制度变迁的诱因、动力、路径及其内在关联。研究认为:我国职业足球转会制度变迁是一个自组织过程,是由足球俱乐部、球员及中国足球协会为核心群体构成的复杂系统。最初的有限自由转会制由于改革不彻底,导致球员的市场配置失衡,俱乐部实力差距大,联赛效益低,因此,治理见效快、成本低的摘牌制成为制度改革的路径选择。但摘牌制下俱乐部的人才选择权、球员的转会意愿受限,利益诉求难以表达,催生了二者的隐蔽合谋行动,为防转会秩序再次失稳,双轨转会制成为路径选择。然而,双轨制下球员仍未摆脱转会自由的限制,且本土与国际转会惯例不兼容,以致球员产生自由转会行动,接轨国际的自由转会制成为路径选择。由此,提出了优化足协内部治理结构,成立转会制度修订委员会;以俱乐部、球员及中国足协为核心改革主体,确保制度源头设计的权力均衡;加强转会制度的法治化建设,提高与本土法律的兼容性;明确国际转会惯例的本土化空间,厘清本土化与国际化的关系等建议。

Through using the methods of literature review,expert interview,case study and logic analysis and so on,this paper explains the incentives,motivations,paths and its internal relationship of change of Chinese professional soccer transfer system based on the theory of self-organization.The results show that the transition of professional soccer transfer system is a self-organizing process,which is a complex system composed of football club,players and Chinese football association(CFA).In the original limited free transfer system,the reform of official club is not complete,which leads to the player market misallocation,the gap of competitive strength between clubs is widening and the benefit of professional league is sharply dropping.Therefore,delisting is the path selection,which has quick results of governance and low cost.But under delisting system,selective right of player of clubs and transfer willing of player are limited,and their interests are difficult to express,which gave birth to the covert conspiracy of them.In order to prevent the instability of the transfer order again,the selection of path is the two-track transfer system.However,under the two-track system,players were still not free from the transfer restriction,and the local system is not compatible with international transfer system,which caused the action of free transfer of players.Then,the selection of path is free transfer system of FIFA.As a result,we put forward four suggestions:optimizing the internal governance structure of the CFA,established the committee of transfer system revision,the clubs,players and CFA is the core reform body to ensure the power balance of the system design,strengthened the legalization of transfer system and improved the compatibility with local law,clarifying the localization space of international transfer system and to clarify the relationship between localization and internationalization.