小麦玉米配套种植与免耕避茬播种试验研究

Experimental study on no-tillage and sheering off stubbles seeding by matching planting of wheat and maize

为解决小麦玉米轮作玉米机械化免耕播种质量问题,根据黄淮海地区小麦玉米轮作及免耕播种技术要求,提出了一种小麦玉米配套种植模式。该种植模式下前茬小麦采用宽窄行播种,后茬玉米播种在宽行内以便避开小麦根茬,提高玉米播种质量。设计了一种与该种植模式配套的16行小麦播种机并进行田间播种性能试验,该机可与4行玉米免耕播种机配套使用。小麦播种机田间试验结果表明,小麦免耕播种机具有良好的通过性,破土装置能够有效解决玉米秸秆堵塞播种机的问题,接行行距变异系数为8.5%,可以满足播种质量及配套种植模式的要求。有无导航下进行玉米免耕避差播种对比试验,田间播种试验结果表明:未使用导航进行播种作业的成功避茬点数为37,避茬率为74%。使用导航进行播种作业的成功避茬点数为46,避茬率为92%。同时,对有无导航播种区域成熟期玉米的植株性状进行测量,其平均植株高度和基部直径分别提高了32.5、3.1 mm,变异系数分别降低了3.89%、2.45%。

In order to solve the quality problem of mechanized sowing of maize with no-tillage in wheat-maize rotation system,according to the rotation pattern of wheat-maize and the technical requirement of no-tillage sowing in the Huang-Huai-Hai area,a kind of matching planting pattern of wheat-maize was proposed.With this pattern,the previous wheat is sowed in the wide-narrow row,while the following maize is sowed in the wide row for avoiding wheat stubble and improving the sowing quality of maize.Besides,a kind of sixteen-row wheat seeder matching with the planting pattern was designed and used in the field seeding performance test.This machine is also suitable for the matching use with the four-row maize no-tillage seeder.The field experiment of wheat seeder indicated that the wheat no-tillage seeder had very good trafficability characteristics.Thus the problem of maize straw blocking seeder can be effectively solved by the soil breaking device.The row spacing variation coefficient is 8.5%,which can meet the requirements of the quality of sowing and the pattern of supporting planting.The no-tillage and stubble avoiding seeding tests of maize were conducted with and without navigation respectively for comparison.The results indicated that:the stubble avoidance number for the sowing operation without navigation was 37,with the rate of sheering off stubbles reaching 74%;and the stubble avoidance number for the sowing operation with navigation was 46,with the rate of sheering off stubbles reaching 92%.At the same time,the average plant height and base diameter increased by 32.5mm and 3.1 mm respectively,and the coefficient of variation decreased by 3.89%and 2.45%respectively.