明代朝鲜诏使诗世界观探析:以祁顺为例

A Study on the Poetical World of Ming’s Envoys to Korea:Qi Shun as an Example

在东亚文化交流中,汉诗文成为东亚知识社群彼此沟通情志最重要的媒介,《皇华集》作为明使节与朝鲜儒臣的酬唱之作,在中朝文化交流史上有其重要地位,其中所收明前期诏使祁顺的酬唱诗,于中朝诗史留下了巨大的投影。透过中国、朝鲜文人笔下的祁顺事迹及其自身的书写,呈现出祁顺出使朝鲜期间的异国经验,特别是他与徐居正那场著名的诗战。祁顺诗作中的时空观念相当程度体现明代诏使诗的共通点,一方面对异国风土民俗保持一定的好奇心;另一方面则特别强调中华文化观念的普遍化。在祁顺的诏使诗中,中华文化与皇明之化具有崇高的地位,但对朝鲜王国的山川风光、纯朴民风、圣君贤臣亦青眼有加。祁顺的诏使诗基本上仍属盛世之音,诗风清雅平和,在馆阁体之外,又多了一点道学气,此固然是个性使然,同时也是时代精神的反映。

Huang hua Ji,as chou-chang poems(collection of poems and responses)between Chinese and Korean literati officials,has played an important role in intercultural communication.Among the poets in this book,Qi Shun,an envoy to Korea in 1476,has been overlooked by the academic community.This article uses the works of Chinese and Korean literati,in contrast to Qi Shun s own writings,to reconstruct his multi-culture experience in Korea,especially that well known poem-writing contest between Xu Juzheng and him.The concept of time-space in Qi Shun s poems reflect the common characteristics of zhao-shi shi(or poems by envoys)in Ming dynasty.Through these poems,Qi Shun reveals his curiosity to the exotic sceneries.On the other hand,Qi Shun s zhao-shi shi also emphasizes the universality of Chinese culture,with Confucian values and statements having an advantageous status in Korean society,and with the Confucius Temple becoming a shared cultural symbol among Chinese and Koreans.Thus,Chinese culture and the majesty of Ming court have a high status in Qi Shun s poems.At the same time,he appreciates the sceneries,customs and the harmony of ruler-minister relation in Korea.With its pure and fresh style,Qi Shun s zhao-shi shi can basically be seen as poems celebrating the Great Age of Ming.In addition to the characteristics of Guan Ge Ti(the style of the imperial ministries),his poems contain the features of Daoxue.While it might be part of Qi Shun s personalities,it also reflects the spirit of that particular time.