论建立我国未成年人有偿监护制度

On the Establishment of the System of Paid Guardianship for Minors in China

随着《民法总则》的颁布与正式施行,在未成年人监护制度方面与《民法通则》相比有了很大的进步之处,比如确立了遗嘱监护,临时监护和意定监护等新型制度以及排除了未成年人父母的单位的监护资格,引入了民政部门监护责任。虽然有很大进步性,但还存在很多问题。其中,未通过法律确认未成年人的有偿监护制度是最重要的问题之一,未成年人的有偿监护制度是在未成年人的父母去世或不适宜做监护人的情况下,最有利于被监护人的一种制度,虽然中国目前还没有法定的有偿监护制度,但存在有偿监护,也在客观上有着相关立法需求。因此,以有偿监护制度为切入点,建立合理的监护制度是极为必要的。首先,基于我国的国情和国外的立法实践,建立有偿监护制度具有其可行性和必要性。在有偿监护制度的分类方面,需要结合我国现实的国情和社会情况,有偿监护制度可以分为法定的有偿监护和意定的有偿监护;还需将所谓"有偿"的金额部分分为必要费用和合理报酬。最后,在我国有偿监护制度的具体制度设计中,需包括必要费用和合理报酬的范围,资金来源以及对监护人的监督机制等,全面结合国情,以保护未成年利益为出发点,从个人、社会、国家三个层面的责任建构,建立完善的,适合我国国情的有偿监护制度。

With the promulgation and formal implementation of the General Principles of Civil Law,there has been great progress in the supervision system for minors compared with the General Principles of Civil Law,such as the establishment of testamentary supervision,temporary guardianship and intentional custody,etc. The new system and the qualifications for custody of units that exclude the parents of minors have introduced custody responsibility of the civil affairs department. Although there is great progress,there are still many problems. Among them,the failure to pass the law to confirm the minor's paid guardianship system is one of the most important issues. The underage compulsory guardianship system is one that is most beneficial in the case of the death of a minor's parents or inappropriate for a guardian. Although China does not currently have a statutory paid guardianship system,there are also relevant legislative requirements in the presence of paid custody. Therefore,it is extremely necessary to establish a reasonable guardianship system from the point of view of the paid guardianship system. First of all,based on China's national conditions and foreign legislative practice,it is feasible and necessary to establish a paid guardianship system. In the classification of the paid guardianship system,it is necessary to combine the reality of China's national conditions and social conditions. The paid guardianship system can be divided into statutory paid guardianship and intentional paid guardianship; the so-called " paid" amount is also divided into necessary expenses and reasonable compensation.Finally,in the specific system design of China's paid guardianship system,it is necessary to include the scope of necessary expenses and reasonable remuneration,the source of funds and the supervision mechanism for guardians,and comprehensively combine the national conditions to protect the underage interests as the starting point. We should construct responsibility from three levels of individual,social and national,and establish a sound and paid guardianship system that suits China's national conditions.