《联合国海洋法公约》视阈下管辖海域刑法空间效力

The Spatial Effect of Criminal Law in Jurisdictional Sea Areas under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

国家管辖海域关系到一国经济和国防安全,其法律地位不同于陆地,该区域的刑事管辖权是维护海洋权益和秩序的重要手段,因此,有必要建构适应各类海域特点的刑法空间效力制度。可以借鉴相关国家立法经验并结合我国实际情况,在《领海及毗连区法》中确定刑法与《联合国海洋法公约》等国际法的适用关系,在《刑法》中明确对外国船舶在我国领海非无害通过行为犯罪化,并通过司法解释明确在我国毗连区违反安全、海关、财政、卫生、出入境管理法律和法规的行为所涉罪名。在《专属经济区和大陆架法》中建构完善的专属经济区和大陆架刑法空间效力制度,借鉴他国的立法经验,以刑法修正案方式健全侵犯我国主权权利和特定管辖权的罪刑规范,并在实践中充实和完善专属经济区和大陆架刑事管辖权适用规则,有效防治外国船舶在我国主权权利海域实施侵犯我国利益的犯罪。

The legal status of sea areas under national jurisdiction,related to a country’s economy and national defense,is different from that of the land,and the criminal jurisdiction in this region is an important means of safeguarding maritime rights and order,so it is necessary to construct a system of spatial validity of criminal law adapted to the characteristics of various sea areas.By basing itself on the reality in China and comparing and drawing lessons from the relevant foreign legislative experiences,this paper suggests that China should stipulate applicable rules on the relationships between Chinese Criminal Law and international law,such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,in the Law of the Territorial Seas and Contiguous Zones.It should criminalize non-innocuous conducts of foreign ships in Chinese territorial waters in the Criminal Law,and clarify the crimes involved in five kinds of matters violating customs law,fiscal law,health law and rules entry and exit management,etc.in China’s contiguous zones through judicial interpretation;construct a system of spatial validity of the criminal law in the continental shelves of exclusive economic zones in the Law on Exclusive Economic Zones and Continental Shelves,and by drawing on the legislative experience of other countries,adopt a criminal law amendment to improve the norms on crimes of violating China’s sovereignty and specific jurisdiction;and enrich and improve the rules on the application of criminal jurisdiction in the exclusive economic zones and continental shelves in legal practiceso as to effectively prevent foreign vessels from committing crimes against China’s interests in waters under the sovereign power of China.