马克思主义两大部类经济增长模型的理论与实证研究

A Theoretical and Empirical Study of a Marxist Two-sector Economic Growth Model

本文构建了一个马克思两大部类经济增长模型,该模型结合了马克思的劳动价值论、剩余价值理论、两大部类模型、简单再生产和扩大再生产公式以及利润率平均化等理论,创新之处是考虑了两大部类的利润率平均化,在生产过程中引入了固定资产投入,并设定了劳动节约型技术进步,再结合马克思的扩大再生产公式推导得到两大部类社会总产品或国民收入的增长公式,还应用中国宏观经济数据对模型中的重要假设和结论进行实证检验。研究结果支持劳动者实物工资与劳动生产率同比例增长、劳动生产率与生产资料数量同比例增长和劳动节约型技术进步等模型设定。从中国经济增长的实践来看,确实存在"生产资料部类优先增长"的规律,而用市场价格计算的一般利润率在多数时间保持相对稳定。

This article develops a Marxist two-sector economic growth model,which combines Marx s labor theory of value,the theory of surplus value,the two-sector model,the simple reproduction and expanded reproduction formula,and the theory of the average rate of profit.It contributes to the literature by taking into account the average profitability of the two sectors,introducing the investment of fixed assets in the production process and labor-saving technological progress,and making use of Marx s expanded reproduction formula to derive the growth formulas of the total social products or national income in the two sectors.In addition,this article adopts Chinese macroeconomic data to empirically test the model s assumptions and conclusions.The main results have several implications.First,the value of the commodity and the production price of the two sectors are determined by invested labor time under the established production technology conditions in this model.However,the production price ratio of the commodity in the two sectors is usually unequal to the value ratio.If the technical composition of capital in one sector is higher,the production price of the commodity will be higher than its value.The rate of profit and the surplus value rate are both equal between the two sectors.Second,considering the single-stage model under simple reproduction conditions,the output of the production materials sector will just compensate for consumption during the production of the two sectors.A surplus will remain after production from the consumption materials sector compensates for the consumption materials of the labor in the two sectors if and only if the rate of profit or the surplus value rate is greater than zero.Third,considering the multi-stage model under constant labor productivity and expanded reproduction conditions,there is no technological advancement and increase in the organic composition of capital.Therefore,the production growth rate of the two sectors is determined by the established production technology conditions.In general,the higher the organic composition of capital denoted by the production price,the higher the output growth rate.Under the conditions of Marx s accumulation and expanded reproduction,the output of the two sectors will increase gradually,while the part of the surplus products,which are consumed and accumulated by the owner of the production materials and then used to expand reproduction,will also increase gradually.Therefore,the consumption and material wealth of the production materials owner will gradually increase.If the amount of production materials paid to the unit labor force,i.e.the physical wages,remains unchanged in all periods,and all of them are consumed by workers to maintain their standard of living,the gap between the owner of production materials and the workers in terms of consumption and wealth will become larger and larger.Fourth,we introduce labor-saving technological advances into the model,assuming that labor productivity and the amount of production materials increase at the same speed,and that labor wages and labor productivity also increase at the same speed.These conclusions are similar to those in the case where labor productivity is constant.The higher the organic composition of the capital denoted by the production price at the beginning of the period,the higher the output growth rate.Finally,we adopt Chinese macroeconomic data to empirically test the model s assumptions and conclusions.The empirical results support the model specifications that the laborers real wages and labor productivity increase proportionately,and that labor productivity and the amount of production materials increase proportionately,together with labor-saving technological progress.Judging from the course of China s economic growth,the law of“priority growth in the production sector”does exist.However,the general rate of profit expressed by market prices remains relatively stable most of the time.The model constructed in this paper still has potential for further development.We plan to further study the mechanism of labor productivity improvement,and introduce the factors of China s institutional economic transition and macroeconomic policies into the model.