多余的奢侈?--以东京为例的坐相关活动所需公共空间的研究

PUBLIC SPACE FOR SEDENTARY ACTIVITIES IN TOKYO: UNNECESSARY AND UNDESIRED LUXURY?

都市空间的私有化和商品化趋势对大都市的公共生活产生了负面影响。让步于功能主义与实用主义,都市中对人的活动与行为的许可范围逐渐缩小,让人不禁发问:街道是否已经成为纯粹输送人流的通道?东京有着悠久的公共交通导向的都市公共空间历史,以东京铁道站点在地区发展中扮演的主要角色为例,历史和基础设施发展中的特殊性造就了东京独特的公共空间构造。本文通过对坐相关活动所需公共空间(PSSA)的现状考察,论证了即使在高密度、高流动性的地区,对坐活动相关公共空间的需求仍然不可忽视。本文对世界上最大的交通枢纽——东京新宿车站区域的室外空间与室内空间进行通过式观察调研。记录并分析了正式坐相关活动所需公共空间和临时坐相关活动所需公共空间,以及行人所进行的日常活动。研究发现,正式坐相关活动所需公共空间的数量比较稀少,大部分分布在室内。同时与可选择性活动和社会性活动相比,使用者更多进行必要性活动。大量使用者坐在不舒适及不安全的临时座位上,间接显示了对正式坐相关活动所需公共空间的需求。研究证明了即使在大都市的高密度、高流动性区域,坐相关活动所需公共空间依然不应该被忽视。尽管公共空间的功能性被摆在首要位置,使用者用行动传达了传统意义上的街道导向都市空间依然是被渴望的,亟须政府和城市设计者的重视。

Public life in large cities has been adversely affected by privatization and commodification of urban space.Permitted or encouraged activities and behaviors have been narrowed down,giving way to primarily functional and pragmatic uses.Have streets become mere conduits of human flows?Tokyo has a history of transit-oriented public spaces.The specific condition of public space in Tokyo has its roots in both historical and infrastructural developments,such as the dominant role railway stations play in the formation of areas.This paper aims to examine the current situation of public space for sedentary(seated)activities(PSSA)and to show that the need for such noncommercial activities is present even in mostly transit-oriented areas.Walk-through observations were conducted in outdoor and indoor space accessible for free in areas around Shinjuku train station in Tokyo,as it is one of the biggest transportation hubs in the world,and the need for smooth mobility governs the area around it.Designated and improvised PSSA and activities of pedestrians were mapped and examined through statistical analysis.The recorder number of observed designated PSSA was low,with most seats indoors.Pedestrians also engaged in less optional than necessary activities.They did;however,display social behaviors,which served to show their need for PSSA.They further expressed that desire by using a large variety of improvised elements for sitting,including some uncomfortable or unsafe ones.The findings suggest that even in high-density and high-mobility areas in large cities,sedentary activities cannot be excluded from public space.Even though priority is given to functional properties of public space,the fact is that pedestrians indicate the traditional street-oriented urban spaces are desirable and should be overlooked by neither private nor public providers.