裁量余地原则在国际争端解决中的适用及其拓展

The Application of the “Margin of Appreciation” in International Adjudication and Its Further Implications

裁量余地原则要求国际裁决机构在争端解决中,赋予国家一定程度的事实和法律认定权。理论上,裁量余地原则具有正当性功能、价值性功能和效率性功能。在人权领域,裁量余地原则的适用已形成相对统一的方法。一方面,在确保等值保护的前提下,裁量余地原则将对公共道德、国家紧急情况、措施必要性等情形的认定权留给缔约国。另一方面,人权裁决机构也否认在具有区域性共识、持续国际趋势的情形中适用裁量余地原则。在实践中,善意审查与程序性审查贯穿于裁量余地适用的案件。近期,裁量余地原则不仅在世界贸易组织、国际投资者与东道国争端裁决中得到适用,也在国际法院裁决实践中得到重视。由此可见,在寻求全球共识时,通过裁量余地原则,国际裁决机构开始更尊重各国发展的方向、程度与速度。

The Doctrine of Margin of Appreciation embraces the national discretion on the factual and legal determinations in international adjudication.This doctrine has its legality and particular values,as well as reflects the notion of judicial economy.In the field of human rights,the Margin of Appreciation has become a relatively uniform approach.The Margin of Appreciation admits the domestic authorities,as well as the courts,capacity to determination of public morals,national emergencies,and the situations of the necessity.However,the Judges also deny the Margin of Appreciation in situations where there is a regional consensus or an urging international trend.In practice,good faith review and procedural review are beneficial to avoiding the arbitrary interpretation and application in domestic level.Recently,the Margin of Appreciation has been clarified not only in disputes in WTO and ICSID,but also in the International Court of Justice.Thus,doubtlessly,during the establishment of the global consensus,the national identities shall be respected by the international through the application of the Margin of Appreciation.