为未来保护过去:法律如何在武装冲突中保护有形和无形文化遗产

Protecting the Past for the Future: How Does Law Protect Tangible and Intangible Cultural Heritage in Armed Conflict?

在战争中,个人的脆弱性不仅体现在身体上,还体现在其文化认同上,文化遗产的湮没常常成为一个中心问题。这一点在民族、文化或宗教性质的武装冲突中尤为明显。在一些地区,文化遗产更多地表现为纪念碑和物体,即有形遗产,大多受武装冲突法保护。而在没有永久性构造的地方,文化遗产则主要表现为口述、手势、仪式、音乐以及人们利用不同媒介和工具所创造出的其他表现形式。本文旨在表明,文化遗产包括有形遗产和无形遗产,保护这些遗产的法律并不限于武装冲突法,还包括其他可适用的文件,如国际人权条约和联合国教科文组织文化遗产公约。

In war,individuals are vulnerable not only physically but also in terms of their cultural identity,and the obliteration of cultural heritage often becomes a central issue.This is particularly the case in armed conflicts with an ethnic,cultural or religious character.In some regions,cultural heritage consists more of monuments and objects;it is a“tangible”heritage,mostly protected by the law of armed conflict.Elsewhere,where structures are impermanent,cultural heritage is mainly expressed through orality,gestures,rituals,music and other forms of expression that individuals create using various media and instruments.Such heritage is mainly“intangible”.This essay aims to show that cultural heritage is both tangible and intangible,and that the law which protects such heritage is not limited to the law of armed conflict.Cultural heritage also benefits from the protection of other applicable instruments,such as human rights treaties and the UNESCO cultural heritage conventions.