真言宗僧人入华与9世纪中叶后的唐日佛教交流

The Visit of Shingon Monks to China and the Exchanges between the Japanese and Chinese Buddhists after the Mid-ninth Century

弘法大师空海回国后创立了日本真言宗,从9世纪中叶起,真言宗僧人陆续入唐,他们在华巡礼求法的经历以及归国后的成就,反映了9世纪中叶以后唐日佛教交流呈现出一些新的常态。其一,日本僧侣入华或归国时,主要选择搭乘大唐商人的商船,大唐商人成为了交通往来的新助力。其二,那些以个人身份入唐的僧侣,在华逗留的时间更长、巡礼的佛教寺院或圣迹更多。密教寺院、天台道场和五台山成为了日僧在华巡礼时频繁造访的地点。其三,"镇护国家"的秘法以及修行仪轨、法门等密教的新事相成为了日僧入唐求法的主要内容。

Since the mid-ninth century,the Japanese Shingon monks continually visited Tang China.Their experiences in China and achievements after returning home present the new trends of the Tang-Japan exchanges.First of all,the Japanese monks mainly took the vessels of the Tang merchants for their voyage,suggesting that the Tang merchants became the intermediaries facilitating the Japan and China communication.Secondly,the Shingon monks visited China as individuals usually stayed in China for longer time and visited more Buddhist temples or sacred Buddhist relics,including the Esoteric Buddhist temples,Tiantai Mountain,and Wutai Mountain.Thirdly,esoteric teachings,practices,ritual procedures,and means became the main knowledge for the Shingon monk sought to acquire.