二十世纪三四十年代的中国民族叙事——基于民族学与历史学视野

China's “National” Narratives in the 1930s and 1940s:From the Perspective of Ethnology and Historiography

二十世纪三四十年代的中国,出于国家层面竞争失利而经历的挫折感,一些历史学家倾向于从边疆地区面临的分离危机来思考民族问题,不断地从学术层面构建中华民族绵延不绝的历史,强调"中华民族是一个",希冀将边疆民族统合到一个共同的民族国家框架之内。但对于一些民族学家和民族志社会学家来说,民族与政治间的紧张让他们感到不安,他们提出用"民族平等,文化多元"作为认同中华民族的基础。由此,两者构建了迥异的民族叙事框架。尽管历史学家和民族学家在学术观点上有诸多分歧,但他们普遍将构建中华民族视作一项神圣使命,并且形成了基于中国边疆本位的历史观;重新审视边疆社会与边疆民族,从学理上检讨传统的"华夷之辨",进而将边疆社会与边疆民族置于更加重要的地位。

In China,from 1930 to 1940,due to the frustrate experience in the competition at the national level,some historians tended to think about ethnic issues from the angle of the crisis of national separation in the frontier regions,and kept constructing the Chinese national continuous history from the academic level.Historians emphasized that“the Chinese Nation is one”and hoped to integrate the frontier people into a common national-state framework.But for some ethnologists and ethnographic sociologists,the tension between the nation and politics made them feel uneasy.They proposed to use“national equality and cultural pluralism”as the basis for identifying the“Chinese Nation.”As a result,the two groups constructed different“national”narrative frameworks.Although historians and ethnologists had much difference about academic views,they generally regarded the construction of the“Chinese Nation”as a sacred mission,and formed a historical view according to China’s frontier standard.By the standard,they re-examined frontier society and frontier people from the academic point of view,reviewed the traditional idea“Hua Yi Zhi Bian华夷之辨,”and put the frontier society and the frontier people in a higher position.