妥协：一个被忽视的实践哲学概念--读A.弗莫雷斯科《妥协：政治与哲学的历史》一书

Compromise: Neglected Concept of Practical Philosophy

"妥协"是实践哲学的核心概念之一,但却是一个被长期忽视的概念。在不同的文化传统中,人们对"妥协"的理解不同:古典式妥协有仲裁与选择两种含义,现代式妥协几乎与契约同义。不论作为仲裁,还是作为选择,妥协都有三个先决条件。根据不同标准,可以将"妥协"区分为不同类型;根据人们对待妥协的态度不同,可以区分不同的政治体系。因而,关于"妥协"很难甚至不可能达成共识。从本质上说,"妥协"既是政治问题又是道德问题,它在政治—道德实践中处于重要位置。然而,一旦"妥协"超过一定限度,就会走向自己的反面,即培养政治上的不满情绪,有可能导向暴力途径。因此,要想正确地理解"妥协",不仅要讨论妥协与政治的关系,还要讨论妥协与道德的关系。前者既关涉妥协与自我表现的关系,又关涉妥协与政治代表的关系;后者既关涉个人与共同体的关系,又关涉个人的内在领域和外在领域的关系。笔者认为,"妥协"不能仅仅局限于政治领域和/或道德领域,它应该成为一个涵义更加广泛的概念,以帮助人们处理人与自然的关系、人与社会的关系、人与他人的关系、人的身心关系。人向自然妥协的目的,是为了实现人与自然的和解;人向社会妥协的目的,是为了实现人与社会的和谐;人向他人妥协的目的,是为了实现人与他人的共生;人向自己妥协的目的,是为了实现人的身心平衡。这就是我所提出的"批判的妥协理论"之要旨。

Classical compromise has two meanings: arbitration and choice,and modern compromise is almost synonymous with contract. There are three preconditions for compromise,either as arbitration or as choice. According to different standards,"compromise"can be divided into different types. Different political systems can be distinguished according to people's attitudes towards compromise. Therefore,it is difficult or even impossible to reach consensus on "compromise". In essence,"compromise"is not only a political issue but also a moral issue,which plays an important role in political-moral practice. However,once "compromise"exceeds to a certain limit,it will go to the opposite side of itself,that is,cultivating political dissatisfaction,which may lead to violence. Therefore,the discussion of compromise is not only related to compromise and politics,but also related to compromise and morality. The former concerns not only with compromise and self-expression,but also with compromise and political representation. The latter concerns not only with the individual and the community,but also with the internal domain and the external domain of individual. "Compromise"cannot be confined to the political field and/or moral field,but it should be a broader concept,to help people deal with the relationship between human and nature,man and society,man and others,man's body and mind. The purpose of man's compromise to nature is to realize the reconciliation between man and nature. The purpose of man's compromise to society is to realize the harmony between man and society. The purpose of compromise to others is to realize the symbiosis among people. The purpose of compromise to oneself is to achieve the balance of mind and body. This is the gist of my "critical theory of compromise".