3种芳香植物精油对竹材防霉作用初探

Effects of Three Kind of Plant Essential Oils on the Mould-resistance of Bamboo

竹材在人类生活中应用广泛,但是较易霉变的性质使得其应用受限。目前主流的物理蒸煮高温杀菌法不能完全防止竹材在潮湿环境下霉变;化学防霉剂虽然可以防止竹材霉变,但由于安全性问题使得处理后的竹材很少应用在家居环境中。并且随着人们生活水平的提高和消费观念的改变,促使研发环保有效的防霉措施变得迫切。植物精油是从植物中萃取的油状液体,因其天然环保、容易获取并具有较为广泛的抗菌性,被视为天然的抗菌材料。研究选用生活中常见的杂熏衣草、茶树(又称白千层)和蓝胶尤加利精油为研究对象,用GC/MS测定精油的化学成分;使用牛津杯法验证3种精油对竹材致霉菌:黑曲霉、桔青霉和哈茨木霉的防霉作用;并使用国标法验证其对竹材霉菌的防治效力。结果发现,杂熏衣草精油的主要成分(≥10%)是芳樟醇(41.94%)、邻氨基苯甲酸芳樟酯(31.66%);茶树油的主要成分是松油烯-4-醇(53.06%)、γ-松油烯(20.45%)和P-伞花烃(10.23%);蓝胶尤加利油的主要成分是1,8-桉叶素(72.58%)、P-伞花烃(15.95%)。3种供试精油对3种所试霉菌都有不同程度的抑制作用。总体上,抑菌效果依次是茶树>熏衣草>尤加利,其中尤加利对哈茨木霉的抑制较弱,对黑曲霉的抑制非常微弱。在对竹材霉菌的防治效力试验中,3种精油均表现出卓越的防霉性能。以上结果证明杂熏衣草、茶树和蓝胶尤加利精油能够良好的防止竹材霉变,可以进一步研究其施用方法等性能,从而开发为天然的竹材防霉剂。

Bamboo is widely used in our life,but its application is limited by the nature of mildew.At present,under humid environment,the physical method cannot prevent the bamboo from mildew.Although the chemical anti-mildew agent can prevent the bamboo mildew,however,the bamboo after chemical treatment is rarely used in room environment because of the safety problem.With the improvement of people′s living standard and the change of consumption concept,it is urgent to develop a new effective anti-mildew measure.Essential oils(EOs)are oily liquids extracted from plants.They are very easy to get and have extensive antibacterial and antifungal properties,so EOs can be considered to be used as a natural antimicrobial material.In this study,three common EOs,i.e.Lavandula angustifolia×latifolia(lavender),Melaleuca alternifolia(tea tree),and Eucalyptus globules(eucalypt)were used as mildew preventives.Firstly,the chemical composition of the three EOs was determined by GC/MS.Then the inhibition zone method was used to assess the antifungal activity of EOs to Aspergillus niger,Penicillam citrinum and Trichogerma harzianum.The mouldproof effectiveness of EOs on bamboo was evaluated by a protocol issued by China National Standards Committee.The results showed that(1)linalool(41.94%)and linalyl anthranilate(31.66%)were the main chemical components(MCCs)of lavender EO,terpinen-4-ol(53.06%),γ-terpinene(20.45%)and m-cymene(10.23%)were MCCs of tea tree EO,and 1,8-Cineole(72.58%)and m-cymene(15.95%)were MCCs of eucalypt EO.All the three EOs had inhibitory effects on A.niger,P.citrinum and T.harzianum in different degree.On the whole,the antifungal ability from high to low is tea tree,lavender,and eucalypt,of which eucalypt had less inhibition on A.niger and T.harzianum than the others.These three EOs showed remarkable antifungal performance on bamboo under test.Thus,the lavender,tea tree and eucalypt EOs can prevent bamboo from mildew.