西方哲学真理观的范式变革:过程及其实质

Paradigm Transformation of Western Philosophy on Truth Concept: Its Process and Essence

虽说真理是哲学不变的主题,但哲学在变,真理也在变,随着哲学的变革,其真理观念也在发生着范式变革。在传统本体论哲学看来,真理就是对事物背后那个最高存在的追问和把握,也即去把握世界的本体,它可以是自然、存在者、理念等,世界由其而来,并因其而得到解释和理解,它是这个世界万事万物的最终根据、终极原因。把握到了这个最高存在,才算真正认识了这个世界,才形成了真理。而认识论哲学则认为本体论哲学的真理是人所无法企及的,我们只能认识进入意识之中的对象,真理就是意识自身的功能,也即对自身的反思。它不再要求我们的认识符合外在的客观存在,而是要求外在的客观存在必须符合我们的理性规定和意识逻辑,否则就无法进入我们的意识,其存在就是不合法的,就是假的。在语言哲学看来,世界存在于语言之中,语言的边界就是世界的边界,我们只能把握进入语言之中的世界。语言才是真理的真正所在,真理就是语言的意义和使用规则,离开语言本身,真理是不存在的,由此,真理成为语言内部的问题,要么是语言内容的融贯问题,只要语言系统本身是不矛盾的,它就是真理;要么认为真假是语言的使用问题,脱离了具体的使用环境,语句便无所谓真假。

Although truth is the unchangeable theme of philosophy,philosophy is changing and truth also changing.With the change of philosophy,its concept of truth is also undergoing paradigm transformation.In the view of traditional ontological philosophy,truth is the questioning and grasping of the supreme existence behind matters,that is,to grasp the substance of the world.It might be the nature,the existence,the idea and so on.The world comes from it and is interpreted and understood by it.The substance also means the ultimate basis and the final cause of everything in the world.Only by grasping this supreme existence can we truly know the world and form the truth.Epistemological philosophy holds that the truth of ontological philosophy goes beyond the cognition of human beings.We can only recognize the object within our consciousness.Truth essentially remains the function of consciousness itself,that is,a kind of self-reflection.It no longer requires our knowledge to conform to the external objective existence,but requires that the external objective existence must conform to our rational provisions and the logic of consciousness,otherwise it can not enter our consciousness,and its existence is illegal and false.From the perspective of linguistic philosophy,the world exists in language,and the boundary of language represents that of the world.We can only grasp the world of languages.Language embodies the true place of truth,while truth is the meaning of language and the rules of using it.Without language itself,truth does not exist.Thus,truth becomes an internal problem of language,or an issue of the coherence of language contents,as long as the language system itself is not contradictory,it is truth;or true or false is considered as the issue of language usage.Detached from the specific using context,the statement is no true or false in its meaning.