足球运动员在动态追踪任务中的追踪表现和注意分配特点

Tracking Performance and Attentional Allocation of Football Athletes in Dynamic Tracking Tasks

目的:探讨足球运动员在不同动态追踪任务中的追踪表现及空间注意分配特点。方法:从中国男足U20选拔队中选取足球运动员23名,采用动态追踪任务与点探测任务相结合的双任务范式考察其追踪和探测表现,并且使用n-back范式测量其工作记忆能力。测试包含三类动态追踪任务:经典MOT任务(同时追踪多个特征相同的运动客体的位置)、位置MIT任务(同时追踪多个特征完全不同的运动客体的位置)和身份MIT任务(同时追踪多个特征完全不同的运动客体的身份)。结果:(1)足球运动员在MOT和位置MIT任务中的追踪表现好于身份MIT任务。(2)从经典MOT到位置MIT再到身份MIT任务,足球运动员的总探测刺激觉察率呈下降趋势,且空白区域探测刺激觉察率最高,目标次之,干扰物最低。(3)空白区域探测刺激的出现破坏了经典MOT和位置MIT任务中的追踪表现但未影响其探测刺激觉察率;而在身份MIT任务中却促进了追踪表现且探测刺激觉察率显著降低。(4)工作记忆能力越强,动态追踪任务的表现越好,其中身份MIT任务与工作记忆的相关最为密切。结论:不同任务下的追踪表现可作为足球运动员对场上信息整体把握能力的重要指标。足球运动员善于将注意更多的分配到场上的关键信息而抑制无关信息的干扰,且高难度任务下的注意警觉促进了追踪表现。另外,工作记忆能力能够预测运动员的追踪表现。

Objective:The purpose of this study is to evaluate the tracking performance and spatial attentional allocation of football athletes during dynamic tracking task.Methods:23 football athletes from the U-20 China Men's National Football Selection Team participated in the experiments.A dual-task paradigm consisting of a probe-dot detection task and a dynamic tracking task was used to investigate the performance of tracking and attentional allocation.In addition,the paradigm of n-back was used to measure the ability of working memory.The dynamic tracking tasks included MOT task(i.e.,tracking the location of multiple moving items with identical features simultaneously),location MIT task(i.e.,tracking the location of multiple moving items with unique features simultaneously),and identity MIT task(i.e.,tracking the identity of multiple moving items with unique features simultaneously).Results:1)The tracking performance of football athletes was better in the MOT task and location MIT task than that in identity MIT task.2)The overall probe-dot detection performance decreased from MOT task to location MIT task,then to identity MIT task.Moreover,the probe-dot detection performance was the highest at empty space,followed by targets,and the worst at distractors.3)Probe occurring on empty space impaired the tracking performance but didn't influence the probe-dot detection performance in MOT task and location MIT task,while it improved the tracking performance and impaired the probe-dot detection perfoimance in identity MIT task.4)The higher the accuracy of the working memory task was,the better the tracking performance would be.Furthermore,the correlation between identity MIT task and the working memory was the highest.Conclusions:Tracking performance during different tracking tasks can be used as an important measure of the ability of football athletes to grasp overall information on the court.Football athletes are able to pay more attention to the key information and inhibit the interfering information in the court.The attention alertness under difficult tracking tasks can promote the tracking performance.Moreover,the working memory ability can predict the tracking perfonnance of football athletes.