富氮稠环含能化合物:平衡能量与稳定性的新一代含能材料

Fused-ring Nitrogen-rich Heterocycles as Energetic Materials:Maintaining A Fine Balance Between Performance and Stability

富氮稠环含能材料是指在富氮稠环化合物骨架上引入硝基和其他含能基团的含能化合物,由于该类化合物在拥有高爆轰性能的同时,兼具相对较低的机械感度和较高的热分解温度,近年来受到国内外含能材料学者的广泛研究和报道。研究显示,得益于富氮稠环骨架π电子的离域共振,稠环骨架结构的稳定性显著提高,从而使得富氮稠环含能化合物很好的平衡了含能材料能量与稳定性之间这一自然对立的矛盾,如4?氨基?3,7?二硝基三唑并[?5,1?c][1,2,4]三嗪4?氧(DPX?27),其爆速、爆压分别为8.97 km·s^(-1)和35.4 GPa,爆轰性能与RDX相当,撞击感度和摩擦感度分别为10 J和258 N,明显低于RDX;1,2,9,10?四硝基二并吡唑[1,5?d:5′,1′?f][1,2,3,4]四嗪(TNDPT)的爆速和爆压分别高达9.63 km·s^(-1)和44.0 GPa,与CL?20相当,机械感度(撞击感度:10 J;摩擦感度:240 N)却显著低于CL?20。可以看出,富氮稠环含能化合物作为新一代兼具高爆轰性能与良好稳定性的含能材料,正展现出巨大的研究价值和应用潜力。本文简要梳理了近年来发展的经典富氮稠环含能化合物的合成、含能性能、稳定性以及对富氮稠环含能化合物未来发展的展望,从而为从事富氮稠环含能材料研究工作者提供参考。

Nitrogen-rich fused-ring energetic materials are a kind of energetic compounds with incorporating nitro and other energetic functional groups into the nitrogen-rich fused-ring heterocycle skeletons.Due to the excellent properties including high detonation properties,low sensitivity and high decomposition temperature,these nitrogen-rich fused-ring energetic materials have attracted wide research interest in the domestic and foreign scholars of energetic materials.The studies reveal that the stability of fused-ring skeleton has been significantly increased owing to the delocalization and resonance ofπ-electrons in nitrogen-rich fused-ring skeletons.For example,the detonation properties of 4-amino-3,7-dinitrotriazolo-[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazine 4-oxide(DPX-27)is comparable to RDX with detonation velocity and detonation pressure of 8.97 km·s^-1 and 35.4 GPa,respectively.But its impact and fraction sensitivities are 10 J and 258 N,respectively,obviously lower than those of RDX.For 1,2,9,10-tetranitrodipyrazolo[1,5-d:5′,1′-f][1,2,3,4]-tetrazine(TNDPT),its detonation velocity and detonation pressure are separately 9.63 km·s^-1 and 44.0 GPa,as high as those of CL-20.Moreover,its mechanical sensitivities(IS:10 J,FS:240 N)are obviously lower than CL-20.We can find that,as a new generation of energetic materials,nitrogen-rich fused-ring energetic materials can well balance the conflict between high stability and high detonation performance,showing great scientific and applied potentials.In this paper,the authors review the synthesis,detonation properties,stability and outlook of nitrogen-rich fused-ring energetic materials,which will provide some references for the subsequent study.