外包环境下考虑产品质量的OEM采购战略决策

OEM's sourcing strategy for quality in outsourcing

产品质量是业务外包中的关键问题,同时也是决定企业采购战略选择的重要变量.研究了生产两种替代性产品的制造商的采购战略选择问题,并讨论了不同采购战略对于供应商产品质量决策的影响.考虑制造商可以选择单源策略或者双源策略,并讨论了在四种情形下供应商和制造商的战略互动:单源策略下,制造商可以选择分享供应商的质量投资或不分享供应商的质量投资;双源策略下,两个供应商可以选择合作质量决策或者竞争质量决策.研究发现,一个合适的质量投资分享比例能使得与单个供应商合作战略成为制造商的占优选择;如果制造商不愿意分享或者不愿意分享足够多的质量投资,当双源采购成本足够小时,开发两个竞争性供应商成为制造商的占优策略.对于双源采购策略,还讨论了制造商分享两个供应商质量投资的采购战略,并验证了当分享比例和双源采购成本足够小时,该战略成为制造商的唯一占优选择.另外,当制造商选择双源采购战略时,应避免供应商合作质量决策,因为供应商的质量合谋将会通过提供劣质产品而抽取更多的制造商利润.

Supplier efforts regarding product quality is an important issue in outsourcing and plays a critical role in a manufacturer’s choice of sourcing strategy.Considering a manufacturer that wants to outsource the manufacturing of two substitute products to external suppliers,the paper studies the strategic interactions under two sourcing strategies:single and dual sourcing.A four-stage non-cooperative game model is established to describe each member’s decisions.Four decision scenarios are proposed:single sourcing with and without sharing of the manufacturer’s quality investment,and dual sourcing when suppliers cooperate or do not cooperate in quality decisions.An analytical equilibrium solution is analyzed for each decision scenario.By comparing each pair of equilibrium profiles,it is found that an appropriate proportion of quality investment sharing by the manufacturer causes a cooperating strategy with a single supplier to be the dominant strategy.When the manufacturer does not want to share or does not want to share a relatively large portion of its quality investment,it will always prefer to develop two competing suppliers when the cost of dual sourcing is sufficiently low.Moreover,the case where the manufacturer partially shares the suppliers'quality investment for the dual sourcing strategy is also investigated.It is found that the strategy could be the dominate one when the sharing portion and sourcing cost are sufficiently small.However,dual sourcing can be extremely risky for the manufacturer as the suppliers could provide a relatively low product quality by cooperating in the quality decision.