如何设计具有自主意图的人工智能体——一项基于安斯康“意图”哲学的跨学科探索

How to Design an Artificial General Intelligence System Bearing Intentions An Interdisciplinary Inquiry Based on Anscombe's Philosophy of Intention

具有自主意图、只依赖小数据运作的通用人工智能系统的出现,并不会像有些人所预估的那样导致"机器奴役人类"的局面出现,因为此类技术对于小数据的容忍可以大大增加此类技术的潜在用户的数量,并使得体现不同用户价值观的通用人工智能系统能够大量出现。这样一来,具有不同意图的通用人工智能系统彼此之间的对冲效应,最终会使得任何一种具有特定意图的通用人工智能系统都无法占据主宰地位。相反,由于作为专用人工智能技术代表的深度学习技术的运用在原则上就需要大量数据的喂入,其对于民众隐私权的侵犯就成为一种难以被全面遏制的常态,因此,此类技术的发展在原则上就会加强一部分技术权贵对于大多数民众的统治地位。不过,要在通用人工智能系统里实现对于意图的工程学建模,就需要我们在哲学层面上首先厘清关于意图的种种哲学迷思。在这个问题上,美国女哲学家安斯康的意图理论是一个比较好的讨论起点。具体而言,安斯康关于"意图是在欲望驱使下做某事的理由"的观点,是可以在通用人工智能的语境中被实现的,但是她关于信念与意图之二元对立的观点,却在不少地方有失偏颇。而"非公理化推理系统"(纳思系统),则将为吸纳安斯康意图论的合理部分提供相应的工程学手段。

Whether Artificial Intelligence(AI)will enslave human beings is very relevant to the meaning of“AI”itself.If“AI”means“Artificial General Intelligence”(AGI)and the AGI system in question can work well by tolerating a small size of inputs,then the potential number of the users of this technology will be significantly increased.And if these AGI systems can have their habits of producing intentions in accordance with different users’values,then varieties of AGI systems imbued with different values will make it tough for any single type of machine to dominate the society.Hence,machines cannot enslave human-beings if machines are AGI systems in this sense.In contrast,if“AI”only means deep learning systems which cannot function well without exploiting large quantity of data,then the issue on how to protect the human privacy will always be salient,and in this sense,AGI systems with the capacities of having their own intentions is ethically superior to their deep learning counterparts.As to how to produce intentions in an AGI system,G.E.M.Anscombe’s philosophy of intention may offer many inspirations,although some of her claims on the nature of intentions may be controversial.Pei Wang’s Non-axiomatic Reasoning System(NARS)will offer a technical realization of the plausible part of Anscombe’s theory of intention.