旱季和雨季不同油橄榄品种光合生理特性及产量的比较

Effects of Dry and Rainy Season on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Yield of Different Olea europaea Cultivars

旱季和雨季对油橄榄的引种、栽培、品种推广和最佳适生区域的选择以及油橄榄增产潜能均具有重要影响。为研究不同品种油橄榄对旱季和雨季的适应性差异以及旱雨季条件下不同品种产量的潜在差异,测定了旱季和雨季6个品种油橄榄(白橄榄Barnea、配多灵Pendolino、坦彩Tanche、皮瓜儿Picual、阿布桑娜Arbosana和小苹果Manzanillo)的光合日变化、光响应参数、比叶重(LMA)、叶绿素含量、产量和含油率,并分析了影响油橄榄净光合速率(Pn)的主要相关因子。结果表明,(1)油橄榄光合日变化在旱雨季中差异显著,Pn和气孔导度(Gs)的日变化在旱季和雨季均呈"A形"曲线,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)呈"V形"曲线,峰值和谷值均出现在11:00,蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用率(WUE)和光能利用率(LUE)的日变化在旱雨季分别呈单峰和双峰变化。(2)旱季Pn、Gs、Tr、WUE和LUE的最高峰值分别是雨季的1.37、2.37、1.06、1.30和3.67倍,叶绿素a(Chl a)、叶绿素b(Chl b)和LMA分别是雨季的1.09、1.08和1.09倍,光响应参数也比雨季高,旱季比雨季更有利于油橄榄生长发育。(3)油橄榄Chla、Chlb、叶绿素a+b(Chla+b)、LMA与Pn均呈极显著正相关,旱季和雨季相关系数分别为0.870和0.923、0.824和0.946、0.863和0.937、0756和0.830;产量也与Pn呈极显著正相关,但鲜果含油率与Pn相关性弱。(4)旱季和雨季油橄榄品种差异显著,白橄榄光合能力最强,阿布桑娜的蒸腾调控更灵活,坦彩的水分利用率更高效,但配多灵和小苹果的WUE和LUE较弱,光合日变化幅度较小,产量也较低。因此,旱季比雨季更适宜油橄榄的生长发育,其中,白橄榄、阿布桑娜和坦彩的光合效率和产量均比皮瓜儿、配多灵和小苹果高,对旱季和雨季的适应性更强,其适生范围更广,可供更多的区域引种栽培。

Dry and rainy season both play an essential role in the cultivation,introduction,selection of the most suitable growing region and the yield potential of Olea europarea.To explore the potential effect of seasonal rainfall on the yield of different O.europaea cultivars,we evaluated the diurnal variation of photosynthesis,leaf mass weight(LMA),chlorophyll content,yield and fresh oil content of 6 olive cultivars of Barnea,Pendolino,Tanche,Picual,Arbosana and Manzanillo in dry and rainy season,and further analyzed the photosynthetic parameters of O.europarea.The results showed,(1)The photosynthetic rate(Pn)and stomatal conductance(Gs)showed a“A-shaped”single-peak curve of 6 olive cultivars,while the change trend of intercellular CO2(Ci)was the opposite to trend“V-shaped”bimodal.In addition,the peak and valley values appeared at 11:00.The diurnal changes of the transpiration rate(Tr),water use efficiency(WUE)and light energy utilization efficiency(LUE)were single or double peaks in dry and rainy season.(2)The highest peak values of Pn,Gs,Tr,WUE and LUE in the dry season were 1.37,2.37,1.06,1.30 and 3.67-folds in comparison to in the rainy season,respectively.Chlorophyll a(Chl a),chlorophyll b(Chl b)and LMA were 1.09,1.08 and 1.09-folds in comparison to in the rainy season,respectively.Furthermore,the light response parameters were higher than the rainy season.Overall,dry season was more conducive to the growth and development of O.europaea than the rainy season.(3)Pn was significantly positively correlated with chlorophyll a(Chl a),chlorophyll b(Chl b),total chlorophyll content(Chl a+b)and LMA in dry and rainy season,and the correlation coefficients were 0.870 and 0.923,0.824 and 0.946,0.863 and 0.937,0.756 and 0.830,respectively.The yield was also significantly positively correlated with Pn,but the correlation between oil content and Pn was weak.(4)There were significant differences in 6 varieties of olive during dry and rainy season.All changes of photosynthetic parameters of 6 varieties in this work were as follows:Barnea had strong photosynthetic capacity.Arbosana displayed flexible transpiration regulation.Tanche showed high water use efficiency,while Pendolino and Manzanillo presented the relatively small diurnal variation of photosynthesis and low WUE,LUE as well as low yield.Therefore,the dry season is more suitable for the growth and development of O.europaea than in rainy season,in which the photosynthetic efficiency and yield of Barnea,Arbosana and Tanche are higher than Picual,Pendolino and Manzanillo.In this study,Barnea,Arbosana and Tanche have stronger adaptability to dry and rainy season in comparison to other varieties,and they are more suitable for the introduction.