辩证法的本体论基础:黑格尔与马克思

The Ontological Foundation of Dialectics:Hegel and Marx

辩证法长期以来被当作形式方法来理解,致使其基本性质、特征和意义陷入晦暗之中。摆脱这种境况,需要从根本上对黑格尔和马克思的辩证法开展出本体论基础的研讨。本文试图就此阐明以下要点:(1)辩证法不是任何一种形式方法;形式方法只能滞留于"外部反思"的运用及其主观主义的实质之中,从而表明其自身乃是形式主义的和反辩证法的。(2)黑格尔哲学立足于绝对者主体的自我活动,这一本体论立场在复活希腊辩证法的同时,决定性地重构了方法概念,并使方法成为实体性内容的自我展开过程。(3)在彻底摧毁"思辨神学"的本体论立场时,马克思把辩证法重新建立在"实在主体"之自我活动的基础之上;这样的实在主体乃是既定的、具有实体性内容的社会,从而将其方法论揭示为"辩证法-唯物史观-历史科学"。只有通过本体论基础的阐明,辩证法的实质和意义才突出地显示出来,并由此形成对我们学术总体的积极动力。

Dialectics has long been understood as a formal method,its essential nature,characteristics,and significance have been largely obscured,therefore it is necessary to make a fundamental inquiry into the ontological foundation of Hegel s and Marx s dialectics.This paper attempts to make the following points:(1)Dialectics is in no way a formal method,for a formal method cannot but remain an application of“external reflection”and be bound by its subjectivist nature,thus proving itself to be anti-dialectical.(2)Hegel s philosophy is based on the self-activity of the absolute subject.From this ontological standpoint,he decisively refashions the concept of method,making the method the process of the self-development of substantial content.(3)In line with his destruction of the ontological standpoint of“speculative theology,”Marx rebuilds dialectics on the foundation of the self-activity of the“real subject,”which is effectively the preexisting society and which has substantial content.His methodology is thus revealed as“dialectic-historical materialist-historical science.”