宋儒道统论与士大夫的主体意识

The Song Ruists' Theory of the Succession of the Way and the Collective Identity-Consciousness of the Scholar-Officials

在唐宋变革、儒学复兴的大背景下,宋代士大夫群体推动了儒学重建。他们作为"道"的承担者和主体力量,也积极致力于道统论的建构。宋儒的道统论是士大夫主体意识的表达和体现,与当时崛起的儒家士大夫群体及其主体意识的觉醒密切相关。它提出并努力解决的问题是:在儒、佛、道三教并盛之时,哪家是中国文化的正统?在儒学学统四起之际,哪一派是儒学的正学?在道统与政统、儒生与君王的共治结构中,由谁主导国家秩序?宋儒建构的道统论,特别是朱熹通过《四书》学而建构的道统论,在上述三个方面做出了明确的论证和回答。

Song dynasty scholar-officials were the standard-bearers of the Way and worked vigorously at the construction of a theory of the Succession of the Way(Dao),which served as an expression and realisation of their identity-consciousness as a Ruist collective.In order to promote this identity-consciousness,the Song Ruists worked energetically at resolving the following questions:at a time during which Ruism,Buddhism,and Daoism were flourishing side-by-side,which was to become the orthodoxy of Chinese culture?In an era of the burgeoning of different Ruist traditions,which school was to become the Ruist orthodoxy?Of the various constitutive parties of the structure of shared governance-namely,the Ruist literati and the aristocracy-which was to direct the cultural and governmental order?