颅脑创伤相关下丘脑—垂体功能损伤的临床特点及研究进展

Research Advances in Hypothalamic-pituitary Dysfunction Related to Traumatic Brain Injury

颅脑创伤(TBI)是引起下丘脑-垂体功能异常的重要病因之一。TBI急性期比慢性期更容易出现下丘脑-垂体功能紊乱,其中垂体/性腺轴和生长激素轴受累最多,垂体后叶受损表现为中枢性尿崩症或抗利尿激素不适当分泌综合征。TBI康复期常见垂体前叶功能异常,较急性期有所减少,但对患者生活质量有显著影响。格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)低、高体质量指数、缺氧、高龄、重症监护病房住院时长和昏迷时长、影像学可识别的急性脑损伤和颅内压增高为高危因素。儿童青少年处于生长发育的关键时期,这一阶段发生的TBI相关垂体功能异常可对患者的认知及行为造成深远影响。TBI相关下丘脑-垂体功能损伤的机制研究在组织学、蛋白质等层面有所进展,但临床尚无可应用的预测标志物。对于中重度(GCS≤8)及轻度(GCS> 13)但有临床症状、生活质量受到影响的患者,应重视垂体功能的评估,及时恰当进行靶腺激素替代,尤其水电解质紊乱或肾上腺皮质功能减退者。青少年应重视生长激素和性激素的替代治疗。

Traumatic brain injury(TBI)is a major cause of hypothalamopituitary dysfunction.TBI-related hypothalamopituitary dysfunction is more common in the acute phase.Disturbance of pituitary/gonadal axis and growth hormone axis,as well as posterior pituitary dysfunction including central diabetes insipidus and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion,are the most frequently seen.During the chronic phase of TBI,anterior hypopituitarism is the major concern,which affects the quality of life.Risk factors for hypothalamopituitary dysfunction following TBI include low Glasgow score,high body mass index,hypoxia,older age,longer intensive care unit stay and longer coma status,radiological evidence of acute brain injury,and increased intracranial pressure.Children and adolescents are in a crucial period of growth and development,and therefore TBI-related pituitary dysfunction during this period can substantially affect the cognition and behaviors.There is currently no reliable biochemical marker predicting hypothalamopituitary dysfunctions.Therefore,it is of great importance to evaluate the pituitary function and take appropriate hormone replacement for moderate-severe TBI patients or mild TBI patients with apparent symptoms,especially for patients with water-electrolyte disturbance and adrenal deficiency.Growth hormone and gonadal hormone replacement therapies are crucial for children and adolescents.