从保险利益到保险目的:回归保险合同的本质——兼论保险合同的主观性与客观性

From Insurance Interest to Insurance Purpose: Returning to the Essence of Insurance Contract-On the Subjectivity and Objectivity of Insurance Contract

合同制度始终在主观主义与客观主义的矛盾冲突中不断演进。在保险合同中,保险利益作为区分保险与赌博的客观标准始终无法回避主观性问题,越来越多学者呼吁取消保险利益原则。但是,作为主观要素的保险目的却更为接近保险合同本质,并呈现出客观化功能:损失补偿系保险合同典型的交易目的,并在补偿性保险中作为客观目的认定,用以衡量保险法律上的损失;人身保险中被保险人同意系明示的主观目的,避免了利益主义的不确定性。因此,在保险合同主观化与客观化的平衡过程中应当以"损失"取代"利益",构建保险目的客观化标准;同时,理顺监管机构、保险公司和法院的外部控制体系,确保保险目的合法。

The contract system has always been pushed forward in the conflict between subjectivism and objectivism.Specifically,in the area of insurance contract,as an objective standard to distinguish insurance and gambling,insurance interest is always unable to avoid the subjectivity problem.More and more scholars called for the cancellation of insurance interest principle.Meanwhile,insurance purpose provides a better dimension revealing the essence of insurance contract and presents the function of objectivity.As the typical transaction purpose of contract,the purpose of loss compensation is to identify and measure loss in compensatory insurance,and present objective function:loss compensation is a typical transaction purpose of insurance contract,and it is an objective purpose to determine and measure the loss in insurance law in compensatory insurance;in life insurance,the consent of the insured is the subjective purpose which avoids the uncertainty of interest.In the process of the balance between subjectification and objectification of insurance contracts,“benefit”should be replaced by“loss”and the objective standard of insurance should be constructed;meanwhile,we should rationalize the external control system of regulators,insurance companies and courts to ensure the legality of insur-ance purpose.