女性短距离速滑运动员下肢关节等速肌力特征

Characteristics of isokinetic muscle strength of lower limb joints in elite female short track speed skaters

背景:研究显示,速滑运动员国际级健将组表现出较国家健将组更合理的关节肌力特征;另一项研究还显示,力量指标与成绩高度相关,说明速滑运动员的下肢关节肌力特征与专项竞技能力密切相关。目的:研究优秀女子短距离速滑运动员下肢关节等速肌力特征,为运动员改进训练提供参考并为进一步揭示项目特征提供数据支撑。方法:运用德国产Isomed 2000等速测试系统对中国4名优秀女子短距离速滑运动员(分别编号为1,2,3,4,均为国际健将)下肢髋、膝、踝3个关节进行向心等速测试。正式测试前,运动员在各测试角速度下进行3次亚极限强度的适应性练习,间隔2min后开始正式测试。在参考预试验结果的基础上将测试角速度定为低速60 (°)/s和高速180 (°)/s。低速重复5次,高速重复7次,屈伸循环进行,不同速度间隔5 min,各速度屈伸阶段均取最高值进行研究。结果与结论:(1)高、低速测试间,踝关节及膝关节各数据有良好对应关系,但髋关节没有;(2)踝、膝关节峰力矩随速度增长下降,平均功率随速度增长而增长;(3)速度对踝、膝关节肌力比有影响,但对髋关节没有;速度对峰力矩角影响较小;(4)运动员2屈、伸肌表现均较好;运动员1左、右腿平衡性有待提高;运动员3踝关节肌力发展较好,但膝、髋关节伸肌群速度力量有待提高;运动员4膝关节肌力发展较好,但踝、髋关节伸肌群速度力量有待提高;(5)中国优秀运动员膝、踝关节屈伸肌得到全面发展,但髋关节较差;优秀运动员峰力矩更大,肌力比有专项特征,左、右腿膝关节峰力矩平衡性较好,峰力矩角稳定,且符合专项特征,优秀速滑运动员膝关节肌力具有共性特征,但应重视其髋部肌群肌力的全面发展。

BACKGROUND:Elite skaters at international level have been shown to hold more rational muscle strength characteristics of joints than the elite skaters at national level.Force indexes are reported to be related to grade,suggesting that the muscle strength characteristics of lower limb joints of skaters are closely related to professional competitive ability.OBJECTIVE:To study the characteristics of isokinetic muscle strength of lower limb joints in elite female short track speed skaters,so as to provide references for strength training and provide data for revealing sports characteristics.METHODS:Centripetal isokinetic testing was performed in hip,knee and ankle joints of elite female short trakck speed skaters(numbered as 1,2,3 and 4)at international level using Isomed 2000.All skaters underwent thrice subultimate strength adaptive staining before testing,and 2 minutes later,the isokinetic testing was conducted.The angular velocity was set as 60(°)/s(low velocity)and 180(°)/s(high velocity),respectively based on preliminary results.The low velocity repeated 5 times and high velocity repeated 7 times,5 minutes in between.Flexion/extension was a cycle,and the highest values were selected for analysis.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:In the high and low velocity speed,all data in ankle and knee had good corresponding relationship,but not hip.Peak torques of ankle and knee joints were on a descent with velocity increasing,and average power increased with velocity increasing.Velocity had impaction on muscle ratio in ankle and knee joints but not hip.Velocity had little impaction on peak torque angle.The flexor and extensor of No.1 skater performed well.The balance between right and left legs of No.1 skater needed to be improved.The ankle strength in No.3 skater performed well,but the strength of knee and hip needed to be improved.The knee strength of No.4 performed well,but the speed strength of ankle and hip extensors needed to be improved.In summary,the strength of ankle and knee flexors and extensor in Chinese elite athletes get a well development,but not hip.The elite athletes have higher peak torque,muscle strength ratio shows special features,the balance between right and left knee peak torque,and the peak torque angle is stable,which meet the special requirements.Knee muscle strength in four elite skaters reflects the common characteristics.The hip muscle strength should be improved.