清道光后期(1840～1847)广东中路海防建设——以九龙城寨兴筑为中心

The Coastal Defense Construction of Canton Intermediate Division during The Late Dao Guang(1840-1847):Focus on the Construction of Kowloon Walled City

本文所讨论的九龙城寨位于珠江口九龙半岛上,修建于清道光二十七年(1847),是扼守广东中路海防、控御省城广州的前沿。道光后期,吸取第一次鸦片战争失败的教训,广东力图重整海防武备,开始着力加强中路海防工程建设。以九龙城寨为代表的一系列海防工程反映了那个时代的炮台建筑特点,体现了清政府对英国入侵所采取的应对举措。学界对于九龙城寨的研究不乏成果,主要从中英关系、海防、军费、炮台及香港史等角度切入,但现有成果大都缺乏对九龙城寨修筑背景、经费、形制等细节层面的挖掘,以及将此放置在宏观历史背景下的思考。本文尝试从微观角度对九龙城寨兴筑过程进行深入探究,并将其置于广东中路炮台群内、整个海防体系下进行多角度的综合考察。洞察王朝命运转折之际海防建设的实际操作过程,评估此海防工事修筑之效果,相信对于思考清廷海防思想、中西发展进程等诸多问题也会有所助益。错谬之处,敬请前辈方家教正。

During the Late Dao Guang,the Qing Dynasty tried to resist the enemy and protect the sovereign by reforming Canton coastal defense armament and started to strengthen the Coastal Defense Construction of Canton Intermediate Division.Kowloon Walled City represented as a series of coastal defense constructions,reflected changes of policies adopting by Qing Dynasty to resist the Britain enemy,and also reflected defects and progress of the Coastal Defense Construction of Canton Intermediate Division.A large amount of fund donated for Kowloon Walled City construction was not only provided an opportunity for the Qing Dynasty which was lacking financial resources to strengthen the Defense Construction of Canton Intermediate Division,but also for the defense construction of the whole Canton indirectly.Located on Kowloon Peninsula,Kowloon Walled City,which was the foremost position to guard the Coastal Defense Construction of Canton Intermediate Division and was critical to the whole coastal defense.Besides,Kowloon Walled City,completed in Dao Guang 27,is typical enough to represent the whole forts and it is a key to understand the history of Canton coastal defense,which is not only reflecting the typical characters of fort buildings of that time,but also the thought of coastal defense and changes of Qing Dynasty.