明清时期环珠江口平原的生态环境——兼谈海洋生态环境史的研究方法

Ecological Environment of Pearl River Mouth Plain in the Periods of Ming and Qing-Brief talking about research ways on marine ecological environment history

明清时期的环珠江口地区,包括珠江口水域,陆地包括香山、新会、东莞、番禺、广州,以及增城、新安一部分,南海、顺德受潮汐影响,也在讨论之列。若上溯宋元时还包括高要、高明等地。自20世纪80年代以来,明清珠江三角洲的社会经济史研究已有可观成果。但海洋社会经济史方面的成果仍较少;对珠江口生态环境史的研究,论著亦不多。环珠江口因受珠江三江水流和南海潮汐的顶托影响,其水域与周边平原的生态环境史,是和海洋社会经济史分不开的。珠江口平原的演变与人类经济活动密切相关。本文就明清时期环珠江口平原的生态环境变迁做一简要介绍,再就环珠江口的海洋生态环境史研究方法做一探讨,意在抛砖引玉,祈请方家指正。一 明清时期环珠江口平原的生态环境变化(一)咸淡水分界线以前所未有的速度向前推移,是环珠江口环境史上最重要的变化海岸线的变迁是环珠江口生态环境史研究的基本问题之一。海岸线制约着人类在这个地区的活动范围。在古代很长的一段时间内,南海海水甚至到达广州城下,海潮顺北江而上甚至到达羚羊峡和清远峡。所以,从汉到唐,受海岸线的约束,环珠江口的开发还很稀少,主要是咸海环境因素造成的。到了宋元时期,海岸线还在新会双水—小冈—礼乐—江门外海—中山古镇—曹步—小榄—大黄圃—潭洲一带。这一带是宋代三角洲平原农村的最南界,往南未见宋代遗物和村庄。

The ecological environment changes of Pearl River Mouth Plain in the periods of Ming and Qing are expounded in six aspects.Boundary line displacement of salty and fresh water was the most significant change in that period.The way of inning was developed from built sand to unbuilt sand.Coastline displacement changed the distribution of salt field and fishery resources.The original sea islands of round Pearl River Mouth Plain had been lonely islands in the plain,and the diversity of vegetative covers and animals had changed.Round Pearl River Mouth Plain had been formed into a dike-pond system with sand field cultivation system,surrounded field cultivation system being combined with planting and breeding.The extension of round Pearl River Mouth Plain lengthened the water channel of Zhujiang estuary to the sea that flood hazard was very frequent.Water conservancy construction and disaster prevention event had caused significant changes to the regional society of Pearl River Delta.In this paper,research ways are expounded around Pearl River ecological environment history from the aspects of historical geography,interaction between society and ecological environment,new theory of environment history,combination between microscopic research and macroscopic research and emphasis to field investigation.