澳门妈祖信仰的形成、扩展及其与中西宗教的交融

Mazu Belief in Macao,its Formation,Expansion and Integration with Sino-western Religions--A Comprehensive Survey in the Histo-geographical Perspective

澳门在东亚妈祖信仰文化圈中占有特殊的地位,而妈祖信仰在澳门的形成与扩展也对澳门政治、经济和文化的发展产生了重要影响。目前学术界对于相关论题已有不少调查、研究成果,如郑炜明、徐晓望、陈衍德对澳门妈祖信仰的调查研究,对澳门半岛和离岛地区妈祖信仰相关碑刻钟铭资料的整理与研究,谭世宝:《金石铭刻的澳门史——明清澳门庙宇碑刻钟铭集录研究》,广东人民出版社,2006;谭世宝:《金石铭刻的氹仔九澳史——清代氹仔九澳庙宇碑刻钟铭等集录研究》,广东人民出版社,2011。许政对澳门妈祖庙建筑文化的研究,许政:《澳门宗教建筑》,中国电力出版社,2008,第79~98页。等等,都取得了令人瞩目的成就。不过,总体来说,相关研究成果中也存在诸多分歧,基于历史地理学视野来探讨澳门妈祖信仰历史变迁的研究成果更不多见。本论文拟在前人相关研究的基础上,综合利用地方志书、碑刻钟铭、地志画、历史图片、文化调查等相关资料,从时间与空间相结合的维度,在系统地论述福建妈祖信仰的起源及其传播的基础上,着重探讨澳门妈祖信仰的形成时间,澳门妈阁庙的重修与改建,妈祖信仰在澳门的空间扩展情况,以及澳门妈祖信仰与中西宗教交融情况等相关问题。一 福建妈祖信仰的起源及其传播关于妈祖信仰的起源,传统的说法是:五代闽王都巡检林愿生有一女,名叫林默,此女自幼好道,又得观音菩萨超度,成为女神,保佑航海的人们。不过,关于林默出生的年代,却是一个有争议的问题,在早期的历史文献中,一直没有明确的记载,大约有五代时期、北宋初年、北宋中期等几种说法。据有的学者考证,北宋中期一说明显是错误的,因为有许多材料表明,早在北宋初年即有了崇拜妈祖的庙宇;而五代说与北宋说在一定条件下可以统一起来,因为宋朝在北方崛起时,福建仍处在割据之中,直到18年以后才被北宋统一。

Mazu belief originated from Putian of Fujian in the early Northern Song Dynasty,and it spread to Xiangshan of Guangdong during Southern Song Dynasty.It can be inferred that the formation of Mazu belief in Macao started in 1452-1458.A-Ma Temple(妈阁庙)of Macao has been repeatedly restored or extended as in 1605,1629,1751,1828,1829,1885-1887,1988.In fact,there are 8 temples worshiping Mazu in Macao area.Besides A-Ma Temple in the south part of the peninsula,there are also Lin Fung Temple(莲峰庙),Hong Kung Chan Kuan Temple(望厦康真君庙),Kun Iam Temple(望厦普济禅院),Ancient Temple of Tin Hau at Rua dos Pescadores(渔翁街马交石天后古庙),Kwan Tai Tin Hau Temple in Cheoc Ka Village(氹仔岛卓家村关帝天后古庙),and Ancient Temple of Tin Hau in Coloane(路环岛天后宫).It is supposed that the circle of Mazu belief came into being in Macao area between Kangxi and Qianlong periods in Qing Dynasty.The spatial expansion of Mazu belief in Macao was actually corresponding with the expansion of the living districts of local Chinese people.While expanding,cases of Sino-western religious integration also existed,such as the integration of Mazu-Buddhism-Taoism,and Mazu-Catholicism.