1640～1667年间澳门与望加锡之贸易

Trade between Macao and Makassar,1640-1667

1640年前澳门的经济基本上取决于与日本和中国的贸易,但也与马尼拉、东南亚和果阿的贸易息息相关。葡萄牙人从广州购买大量丝绸,主要运往日本销售。较少量丝绸份额则流向马尼拉和其他地区市场。不管是西班牙人还是日本人,都用中国大量需求的白银购买丝绸。当然,不是所有的丝绸—白银交易都有葡萄牙人的份。在马尼拉与福建港口之间,中国人独揽了丝绸与白银的直接交易。尽管中国实施海禁,但在日本长崎与中国沿海仍存在着活跃的私人贸易。荷兰人同样积极插手丝绸—白银贸易。他们从中国商人手上买入丝绸,或者从被截获的葡萄牙船只或走私者那里弄到丝绸。有部分荷兰人把从日本弄来的白银通过同样的地下渠道带入中国。最终,为数不少的白银由欧洲流入中国。

This article,originally published in 1989,in German,summarizes the history of trade between Macao and Makassar during the years 1640 to 1667.At that time Makassar was the most important commercial port in the eastern section of what is now Indonesia.Linked to Timor,Java,Luzon and many other islands,Makassar obtained various products from these regions,many of which reached Macao through the hands of Portuguese traders,besides being channelled to central Guangdong,indirectly or directly,through other groups.For Macao this trade was of vital importance,because the years after 1640 were marked by political crises and Macao was often short of capital urgently needed to enable the survival of its citizens.Towards the end of the Macao-Makassar trade cycle,the good relations between both these places were badly disturbed by the Dutch.This also concerned the trade in sandalwood between Macao and Timor,via Makassar.In certain years,sandalwood,which sold profitably in China,constituted one of Macao s principle imports.Further goods of importance used in trade between Macao and Makassar included textiles and metals.The present article describes these and other phenomena,as well as the economic and political forces which shaped commercial exchange between both ports.