会安历史

Historical Notes on Hoi-an(Faifo)

广义上讲,广南指的是从16世纪下半叶开始直到18世纪结束阮主统治下的全部疆域。在阮主统治最鼎盛的时期,它包括了现在的越南中部和越南南部相当大的一部分区域。交趾支那(Cochinchina)亦指这一地区,这是同一时期欧洲人对其之称呼,而安南、广南国或河内国是17世纪和18世纪中日航海家及商人对其之称呼。

As a result of intensive historical investigation carried out in Hoi-an in 1960 with the collaboration of the Vi 0x0E?Times New Roman Special G2FCp0x0Fn Kháo C 0x0E?Times New Roman Special G1dCp0x0F(Historical Research Institute)of Saigon,I was able to collect a number of Chinese inscriptions,epitaphs,tombstone markings and other historical materials of great interest.Through these materials,the study centered around three issues:the historical setting and the opening of H 0x0E?Times New Roman Special G1gCp0x0Fi an,its development in trade,Minh-Hu o ng-X,religious temples and assembly halls of H 0x0E?Times New Roman Special G1gCp0x0Fi-an.Based on this study s discussions,there are several conclusions to be made.H 0x0E?Times New Roman Special G1gCp0x0Fi-an became a port of foreign trade with emphsis on the Chinese and Japanese junk trade,shortly after the establishment of the Quòng-nam-ding by the Nyuyêns in 1602.The number of overseas Chinese traders residing in H 0x0E?Times New Roman Special G1gCp0x0Fi-an was reported as 4000-5000 in 1642,about 6000 in 1744,and 10000 in 1750.Under the hard works of Chinese traders,the various renovations by the Lord Vó-Vùong,and the changes of oversea trade circumstances in Asia,H 0x0E?Times New Roman Special G1gCp0x0Fi-an entered a golden age of commerce around 1750.But during the Tay Son revolt and the ensuing period of disruption,it was unable to escape from the devastation of interial wars.Until the re-unification by Emperor Gia-long in 1802,returned a considerable number of Chinese residents in Quòng-nam.H 0x0E?Times New Roman Special G1gCp0x0Fi-an rejuvenated gradually for almost 100 years.However,as time goes on,the Faifo River becoming narrow and shallow,the trade of H 0x0E?Times New Roman Special G1gCp0x0Fi-an could not escape from the destiny of decline and fall.At the first years of the Chinese residents in H 0x0E?Times New Roman Special G1gCp0x0Fi-an,they were almost traders and might be divided three categories.But after the fall of Ming Dynasty in 1644,numberous Chinese refugees and Ming officials rushed into this town.It is the most fundamental cause for the establishment of the Minh-Hu o ng-X.The Minh-Hu o ng-X of H 0x0E?Times New Roman Special G1gCp0x0Fi-an was the first village of this sort ever established within the domain of the Nyuyên lords about 1653.The inhabitants of the Minh-Hu o ng-X in H 0x0E?Times New Roman Special G1gCp0x0Fi-an have traditionally worshipped the people“Tiên Hiên”,which have been divided into four groups:Thap Láo,Lu Tińh,Tam Gia,and individuals.The Chinese residents in H 0x0E?Times New Roman Special G1gCp0x0Fi-an worshipped many divinities.Quan-Thánh(关帝)occopies the main altar of the Quan-Thánh temper.Immediately behind the temper,there is a Buddhist temple of Quan am(观音).Bao Sinh 0x0E?Times New Roman Special G1HBp0x0Fai-d 0x0E?Times New Roman Special G2FCp0x0F(保生大帝)has long been enshrined in the C 0x0E?Times New Roman Special G1uBp0x0Fm-hàtemple(锦霞宫),while Thien-hau(天后)and other subsidiary deities have been worshipped mostly in the hai-binh temple(海平寺),Trung-hoa H 0x0E?Times New Roman Special G1gCp0x0Fi-quan(中华会馆)and Phuc-Kien H 0x0E?Times New Roman Special G1gCp0x0Fi-quan(福建会馆).Quang-trieu H 0x0E?Times New Roman Special G1gCp0x0Fi-qúan(泉州会馆)has been dedicated to the cult of Thien-hau and Quan-Thánh.Trieu-Chau H 0x0E?Times New Roman Special G1gCp0x0Fi-qúan(潮州会馆)and Quynh-phúH 0x0E?Times New Roman Special G1gCp0x0Fi-qúan(琼府会馆)are designed for the worship of local tutelary deities related to their home province,such as Ma Vi 0x0E?Times New Roman Special G2FCp0x0Fn(马援)and 108 Hinanese merchants.Finally,The Lai-Vien-Kieu(来远桥,日本桥)was built by the Chinese rather the Japanese residents,although it s figures and some animal figures commonly seen in the practice of popular religious beliefs in Japan,such as“Inari”(Fox)worship.