东亚文化圈的史学共振:中越实录修纂比较研究

Rhythms of Historiographies in East Asian Cultural Zone: A Comparative Study of the Veritable Records in China and Vietnam

中国和越南两国都由中央政府设馆修纂皇帝实录,均赋予实录以国史性质,在国家控制史学上皆体现了东亚王权主导的特点。中国作为东亚文化圈的核心,许多史学创制都比较早,越南等周边国家起而仿效,时间相对滞后。《大南实录》与《清实录》同时修纂,却多仿行此前的元、明实录制度。《大南实录》编年与列传相配偕行的"二位一体"的模式,仿效的是《元实录》,具体的修纂主题、体例主要仿效《明实录》及据之而修的《明史》,只有个别修纂措施来自其同时代的《清实录》。越南欣慕明朝而疏离于清朝制度,与朝鲜态度相似,反映了东亚文化圈边缘对中心的固有认知与坚持。当然,《大南实录》的修纂在模仿中国之制的同时,也因自己的需要而作改动,反映出越南实录修纂也具有灵活性和自主性。

Both in China and Vietnam,the central governments established the Institute of Historiography to compile imperial veritable records. It is a state's effort to produce official historical records. The state's control of historical writing reflects the dominant role of monarchy in East Asian society. The formation of historiography in China,the center of East Asian cultural zone,was rather early. In comparison,the rise of historiography in neighboring countries such as Vietnam was late,as they were often modeled on China. Yet,although the compilation of The Veritable Records of Great Nam took place in the same period of The Veritable Records of Qing,it was more influenced by the practices of Yuan and Ming dynasties than it of Qing. In it,the parallel of the annals with the biographies,a so-called dual system,was a direct influence of The Veritable Records of Yuan,while its themes and structure were more of a copy of The Veritable Records of Ming as well as The History of Ming. It only adopted some ideas in the editing style from the contemporaneous The Veritable Records of Qing. Vietnam felt estranged from the Qing Dynasty out of its admiration of the Ming Dynasty,which was a similar attitude of the Chosen Dynasty in Korea. This is a reflection of how the peripheries in East Asian cultural zone conceived of the center and stuck to it. Be it as may,while imitating the Chinese system,the compilation of The Veritable Records of Great Nam changed it according to the local needs,which is indicative the flexibility and autonomy of historical writing in Vietnam.