穷人的经济学——中国扶贫理念、实践及其全球贡献

Forty Years of China 's Poverty Alleviation: Ideals, Practices, and Implicationsto the World

中国实行的一系列经济改革拆除了阻碍生产要素流动和配置的体制障碍,推动劳动力从低生产率就业领域不断退出,实现城乡之间、地区之间和产业之间日益充分的流动,进而获得更高效率的重新配置,不仅为经济高速增长创造了必要条件,也通过劳动力转移和就业扩大提高了农户收入,同时实现了发展与共享。与这种整体的共享型发展相并行,中国政府实施了专门的农村扶贫开发战略,并随着发展阶段和贫困性质的变化,与时俱进地调整对贫困对象的聚焦程度,打破了扶贫效果边际递减的迷思,取得了世界瞩目的减贫成就。作者从减贫的角度简述40年改革和发展过程,揭示这个时期的经济增长源泉,展示发展所具有的共享性质;回顾国家农村扶贫战略的实施过程,揭示其中体现的以人民为中心的发展思想,概括改革促进发展和减贫的实践、主要经验及其世界意义;对2020年实现按现行标准农村贫困人口全部脱贫目标之后面临的新任务做出展望,并提出相应的政策建议。

China s economic reform over the past 40 years has eliminated institutional barriers deterring mobility of production factors,and in particular facilitated the exit of abundant laborers from low productivity uses,the migration between rural and urban areas,across regions,and among industries,and the entry to high productivity activities.Such a resources reallocation has not only created necessary conditions for high speed growth but also increased income of rural households by enhancing their labor force participation in non-agricultural sectors,thus combining development and sharing.Paralleling to that holistically shared development,the Chinese government launched the national strategy of rural poverty alleviation in the second half of 1980s,showing its determination to fight against absolute poverty.As the development stage and poverty s attributes have changed over time,the strategy has gradually shifted its target from regional development to individual households,along with large-scale government inputs.The overall shared development and special governments efforts in reducing poverty have simultaneously helped China break the diminishing effect of poverty alleviation often seen elsewhere and achieve worldwide recognized success in poverty reduction.By narrating the process of reform and development,this paper begins with revealing the unique sources of China s economic growth in the past four decades and shows its nature of sharing.It then reviews the implementation of the national strategy of rural poverty alleviation under the guidance of people-centered development principle.It summarizes main lessons of the poverty alleviation experience of China and draws implications to other developing countries.In conclusion,it points out new challenges facing China s poverty reduction after the country meets its goal of zero rural poverty by the current poverty standard by 2020,and provides policy suggestions.