1912-1948年北京人口空间分布格局变动及原因研究

Study on the Changes and Causes of Spatial Distribution Pattern of Beijing Population from 1912 to 1948

本文利用民国北京人口统计档案资料对民国北京人口空间分布的特点及原因做出动态分析。民国北京人口空间分布的最大特点是分布不均衡、密度大及人口性别比高。北京内外城人口数量与人口密度远大于四郊,各区人口密度相差悬殊,北京人口空间分布格局与人口密度增长呈现明显的圈层式特点及差异性变化。北京内城外围各区人口密度及其增长均大于中心区域;外城内侧区域人口密度大于边缘区域,但内侧区域人口密度增长却慢于边缘区域;东郊区、南郊区的人口密度及其增长大于西郊区及北郊区。总体上北京各区人口密度增长表现为内城快于外城,外城快于四郊。北京城郊区人口分布格局并非静止不变,内城人口密度呈现出由低于到最终高于外城的变动,外城人口数量也呈现出由少于到最终多于四郊的变动。民国北京人口空间分布的影响因素主要包括北京城市居住格局的改变、公共机构的建立、城市商业消费中心的北移及外来人口的聚集等。民国北京男性人口一直多于女性人口,因此人口性别比一直较高。北京男女人口城郊区分布不平衡,外城人口性别比最高,内城次之,四郊最低。民国北京人口性别比高的一个主要原因是外来人口以未婚男性青壮年居多,大量过剩未婚男性人口成为婚姻市场中的被挤压对象,也是社会不安定的潜在因素。

This paper makes use of the data of Beijing Demographic Statistics Archives of the Republic of China to make a dynamic analysis of the characteristics and causes of the spatial distribution of Beijing’s population in the Republic of China.The most prominent features of the spatial distribution of the popula?tion of Beijing in the Republic of China were the uneven distribution,high density and high sex ratio of the population.At that time,the population and its’density of Beijing’s inner and outer cities were much larg?er than those in the suburbs.The population density varied greatly among different districts.The spatial distribution pattern of Beijing’s population and the growth of population density had obvious circle-type characteristics and heterogeneous changes.The population density and its’growth in every districts of the outer sides of Beijing’s inner city were greater than the central areas,the population density in the inner sides of the outer city was greater than that in the marginal areas,but its’population density growth was slower than the marginal areas;the population density and its’growth in the eastern and the southern suburbs was greater than that in the western and northern suburbs.In general,the growth of the population density in Beijing’s districts was faster than that in the inner city,and in the outer city faster than in the four suburbs.The distribution pattern of the population in the suburbs of Beijing was not static.The popula?tion density in the inner city changed from lower to higher than the outer city,and the population of the outer city also showed changes from less than to more than the four suburbs.In the Beijing of Republic of China,the male population was always more than the female population,and thus the sex ratio of the popula?tion was high.The distribution of male and female population in the urban and suburban areas of Beijing was uneven,with the highest sex ratio in the outer city,followed by the inner city and the lowest in the four suburbs.The influential factors of the spatial distribution of Beijing’s population in the Republic of China mainly included changes in the pattern of Beijing’s urban dwellings,the establishment of public institu?tions,the northward movement of urban commercial consumer centers,and the concentration of immigrants.One of the main reasons of the high sex ratio in Beijing in the Republic of China was that the majority of immigrants was mostly unmarried young male adults,and a large number of unmarried men was excluded in the marriage market during that time,and they were also potential factors of social instability.