墨西哥过度人口城市化与人口分散化研究

A Study of the Overpopulation Urbanization and Population Decentralization in Mexico

墨西哥许多研究证明工业化的空间发展与人口聚集有密切关系,然而与人口分散之间的关系却少有研究。墨西哥大城市出现的人口聚集模式在20世纪80年代开始打破,人口分散出现端倪。就此现象,墨西哥学者持两种主要观点,一种观点认为人口迁移模式的改变源于生产方式的转变,即福特主义工业化模式到弹性工业化模式的转变。在新的生产方式中生产过程和劳动关系都具有一定的灵活性。另一种城市经济学的观点认为这是城市体系一个长期的发展过程,是墨西哥50年代起人口聚集发展的一个必经阶段。在此过程中墨西哥的城市化已经进入集中分散时期,到达级差城市化的阶段。因此,大城市的人口出现分散,逐步迁移到中小城市,是级差城市化中的第三阶段。本文以墨西哥的首都墨西哥城为例,通过分析"人口分散化"政策提出的社会经济背景、实施过程、效果及影响,得出结论是墨西哥城的分散化发展模式,通过行政资源、产业和服务的均衡分布以及人口迁移的地域性变化,削弱了主要大城市的"资源中心"地位。国家对于中小城市在食品、医疗、教育和住房等方面的投资一定程度上实现了资源等值化分布,缓解了社会和经济的不平等。通过研究疏散化战略及其发展理念对墨西哥近几十年来城市政策的影响,以期对北京"疏解非首都"城市发展战略及我国的区域协调发展战略提供借鉴。

Many studies in Mexico have shown that the spatial development of industrialization is closely re?lated to the population aggregation.However,there is little research on the relationship between the indus?trialization and the population dispersion.The emergence of large cities in Mexico population patterns be?gan to break down in 80s,when population dispersion emerged.For this phenomenon,Mexico scholars hold two main views.The first view suggests that the change of population migration patterns from the transforma?tion of the mode of production.That is,the transformation of the Ford mode of industrialization to the flexi?ble industrialization.In the new mode of production,the production process and labor relations have some flexibility.The other view based on urban economics considers it as a long-term development process of ur?ban system,which is a necessary stage of the development of population gathering in Mexico in 50s.During this process,the city of Mexico has entered into a scattered period,reaching the stage of differential urban?ization.Therefore,the city’s population appears scattered and gradually migrate to the small and medi?um-sized city,entering the third phase of city differentiation.Taking Mexico City as an example,this paper analyzes the socio-economic background,the implementation process,and the effect and impact of the poli?cy of“population decentralization”.It is concluded that the decentralized development model of Mexico City has weakened the“resource center”status of major cities,by the balanced distribution of administra?tive resources,industries,and services and the regional changes of population migration.The state’s invest?ment in food,medical care,education,and housing in small and medium-sized cities has to a certain extent realized the equivalence of resources distribution and alleviated social and economic inequality.This paper analyzes the pros and cons of decentralization policy in order to provide reference for Beijing’s strategy of“non capital city development”and China’s regional coordinated development strategy.