施肥方法对小麦专用控释氮肥肥效的影响

Effects of Fertilization Methods of Self-Made Wheat-Specific Controlled-Release Nitrogen Fertilizer on Fertilizer Efficiencies

【目的】探索小麦生产过程中适宜的控释氮肥品种及其施用方法,为小麦控释肥的一次性机械化施用技术的推广应用提供理论依据。【方法】选取山东省土壤类型、肥力水平、气候条件均不同的3个小麦优势产区,采用田间小区试验的方法,研究了同等优化施肥情况下,自制小麦专用控释氮肥的不同施用方法(撒施旋耕CRF1、种子正下条施CRF2、种子侧下条施CRF3)对小麦产量、养分吸收、土壤硝态氮含量及氮肥利用率等的影响,同时与常规尿素施肥(尿素一半基施一半返青拔节期追施CK1、尿素全部作为基肥撒施旋耕CK2)和不施氮肥(CK0)肥效进行对比。【结果】泰安棕壤小麦产量介于7 021-7 683 kg·hm^(-2),CRF1与CRF2分别比CK1增产6.1%和3.5%,但差异不显著,CRF3与CK1产量差异不显著,CRF1、CRF2小麦产量显著高于CK2,分别增产9.4%和6.7%。茌平潮土小麦产量介于4 576-5 193 kg·hm^(-2),CRF1与CK1小麦产量差异不显著,显著高于CK2,增产11.3%。桓台褐土各施氮肥处理的小麦产量介于5 222-5 830 kg·hm^(-2),CRF1、CRF2、CRF3均与CK1产量无显著差异,CRF1产量显著高于CK2,增产10.8%。三地均以CRF1的小麦产量与氮肥偏生产力较高,CRF2与CRF3无显著差异。在泰安棕壤,CRF1与CRF3的籽粒氮素分配率显著高于CK1与CK2。桓台褐土CRF1、CRF2和CRF3的氮肥利用率分别为46.7%、49.5%和50.2%,3个处理之间没有显著差异,与CK1和CK2差异不显著。控释氮肥的3种施肥方法对干物质在小麦籽粒与秸秆的分配、籽粒氮含量与积累量以及氮素的盈余量均没有显著的影响。茌平和桓台0-90 cm土层以CRF2和CRF3的硝态氮含量较高,泰安以CK1与CK2的硝态氮含量较高,CRF1相对最低。【结论】自制小麦专用控释氮肥在减量优化施肥的情况下,采用撒施旋耕的施肥方法有利于小麦的稳产或增产以及生产成本的节省。

【Objective】The objective of this study was to explore the suitable controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer varieties and their application methods in the wheat production process,so as to provide a theoretical basis for the popularization and application of the one-off mechanized application technology of wheat controlled-release fertilizer.【Method】Three dominant wheat producing areas with different soil types,fertility levels and climatic conditions in Shandong province were selected to study effects of different application methods of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer for wheat(surface broadcasting and rotary tillage(CRF1),banding below seeds(CRF2),and banding below and away from seeds(CRF3))on wheat yield,nutrient absorption,soil nitrate nitrogen content and nitrogen use efficiency under the same optimal fertilization conditions by the method of field plot experiment.At the same time,the application methods were compared with the conventional urea fertilization(half urea was used as the base fertilizer,and half of urea was used at jointing of wheat(CK1),and all of urea was used as the base fertilizer by surface broadcasting and rotary tillage(CK2))and no nitrogen fertilizer(CK0).【Result】The yield of wheat grown in Taian brown soil ranged from 7 021 to 7 683 kg·hm^-2,and the yields of CRF1 and CRF2 increased by 6.1%and 3.5%respectively compared with CK1,but the difference did not reach a significant level.The yield of CRF3 and CK1 was not significantly different,and the yield of CRF1 and CRF2 wheat was significantly higher than that of CK2,which increased by 9.4%and 6.7%,respectively.The yield of wheat grown in Chiping tidal soil ranged from 4 576 to 5 193 kg·hm^-2,and the yield of CRF1 and CK1 wheat was not significantly different,but significantly higher than that of CK2,with an increase of 11.3%.The yield of wheat treated with nitrogen fertilizer in the Huantai cinnamon soil ranged from 5 222 to 5 830 kg·hm^-2.The yield of CRF1,CRF2 and CRF3 had no significant difference with CK1,while the yield of CRF1 was significantly higher than that of CK2,with an increase of 10.8%.The wheat yield and partial factor productivity of nitrogen fertilizer of CRF1 were higher in all three sites,but there was no significant difference between CRF2 and CRF3.In Taian brown soil,the distribution rates of grain nitrogen of CRF1 and CRF3 were significantly higher than those of CK1 and CK2.The nitrogen use efficiency of CRF1,CRF2 and CRF3 in Huantai cinnamon soil was 46.7%,49.5%and 50.2%,respectively.There was no significant difference among the three treatments,and no significant difference with CK1 and CK2.The three kinds of fertilization methods of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer had no significant effect on the distribution of dry matter in wheat grain and straw,the nitrogen content and accumulation of grain and the surplus of nitrogen.In Chiping and Huantai,the content of nitrate nitrogen of CRF2 and CRF3 in 0-90 cm soil layer was higher.The content of nitrate nitrogen under CK1 and CK2 in Taian was higher,while that under CRF1 was the lowest.【Conclusion】In the case of optimized dosage,the surface broadcasting and rotary tillage method for self-made wheat-specific controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer was conducive to stable or higher yield and production costs savings.