黄淮海夏玉米一次性施肥技术效应研究

The Effects of One-off Fertilization of Summer Maize in Huang-Huai-Hai Region

【目的】研究一次性施肥技术对黄淮海夏玉米产量、肥料利用效率和经济效益的影响,为黄淮海夏玉米区实现减肥增效、节本增收及轻简化生产技术的筛选提供理论依据。【方法】2015年和2016年在河北、河南、山东三省选择8个试验地点进行控释氮肥随夏玉米播种一次性施用大田试验。与普通氮肥分次施用(习惯施肥(FP)和优化施肥(OPT))对比,通过设置控释氮肥等量投入(CRFA)、减量20%控释氮肥投入(CRFA80%N、CRFB80%N和CRFC80%N),研究一次性施肥技术对黄淮海夏玉米经济效益的影响,并验证一次性施肥技术的减量施氮可行性。【结果】(1)与农民习惯施肥(FP)相比,一次性施肥处理对黄淮海区夏玉米株高、穗部性状和两年的平均产量均无显著影响,氮肥农学效率和表观利用率虽有所提高,但未达显著性差异;但一次性减氮施肥处理较FP处理,氮肥偏生产力显著提高了33.85%以上(P<0.05)。此外,CRFA、CRFA80%N、CRFB80%N和CRFC80%N处理相比农民习惯施肥(FP),每季平均节氮量分别为8.15、50.65、50.65、50.65 kg N·hm^(-2),增加纯收入927.40元/hm^2以上。(2)除CRFA处理外,其余一次性施肥处理的硝态氮量均显著低于习惯施肥处理(FP);一次性减氮施肥处理(CRFA80%N、CRFB80%N、CRFC80%N)0—90 cm土层NO_3^--N含量显著低于优化施肥处理(OPT)(P<0.05)。【结论】一次性施肥技术实现了黄淮海夏玉米的轻简化施肥,提高了氮肥的利用效率,能够在保证稳产增产的前提下,实现氮肥的减量施用;推荐减少20%氮用量的CRFA施肥模式在黄淮海夏玉米生产上一次性施用。

【Objective】In order to provide a theoretical basis for the selection of simplified production techniques,to realize the fertilizer reduction and increasing efficiency,saving cost and increasing income in Huang-Huai-Hai region,the effects of one-off fertilization on the yield,nitrogen use efficiency and economic effects of summer maize were studied.【Method】The field experiments of one-off application of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer on maize was carried out in 8 test points selecting from Hebei,Henan and Shandong province from 2015 to 2016,the economic effects of one-off fertilization on summer maize in Huang-Huai-Hai region were studied to verify the feasibility of the nitrogen reduction of one-off fertilization.the one-off fertilization treatments of CRFA(the amount of nitrogen input in controlled release nitrogen fertilizer was equivalent to OPT treatment),CRFA80%N,CRFB80%N and CRFC80%N(with the amount of nitrogen input in controlled release nitrogen fertilizer was 20%reduction)were set to compare with the multiple application of common nitrogen fertilizer(FP treatment and OPT treatment).【Result】(1)Compared with FP treatment,the one-off fertilization had no significant effect on plant height,ear characters,and the average value of 2 years’yield of summer maize in Huang-Huai-Hai region,even though the N agronomic efficiency(NAE)and N recovery efficiency(NER)had been increased;However,partial factor productivity from applied N(PFPN)of one-off reduced fertilization were significantly improved more than 33.85%.In addition,there were 8.15,50.65,50.65 and 50.65 kg N·hm^-2 saving of the CRFA,CRFA80%N,CRFB80%N and CRFC80%N treatment in one maize season,respectively.one-off fertilization increased net income more than 927.40 yuan·hm^-2.(2)In addition to the CRFA treatment,the NO3^--N contents of the remaining treatments of one-off fertilization were significantly lower than FP,and 0-90 cm soil NO3^--N content of the treatments of one-off reduced fertilization(CRFA80%N,CRFB80%N,CRFC80%N)were significantly lower than OPT(P<0.05).【Conclusion】one-off fertilization realized the simplified fertilization of summer maize in Huang-Huai-Hai region,increased the nitrogen use efficiency,which could realize the fertilizer reduction and ensuring stable yield at the same time.It was recommended that the fertilization mode of controlled released nitrogen with reducing 20%should be applied to the summer maize production in Huang-Huai-Hai region.