我国生态环境损害赔偿原则及其改进

Principle of Compensation for Ecological Environment Damage in China and Its Improvement

因沿用民事损害赔偿制度填补损害的赔偿逻辑,我国现行生态环境损害赔偿原则呈现出追求完全赔偿、舍弃惩罚性赔偿、生态修复与金钱赔偿相结合等特征。适用该原则会使司法实践面临一系列困境,如易导致过高的赔偿金额,难以合理评价生态环境的价值损失,不能发挥惩罚功能以规制恶意损害生态环境的行为。科学的生态环境损害赔偿原则应从生态环境作为公众共用物的特性出发,除了考虑民事赔偿责任构成要件,还要考虑生态利益受保护的程度、损害生态环境行为的负外部效应、行为人的主观过错程度等因素,将符合生态承载力原则、生态修复优先原则、惩罚性赔偿原则作为重要内容。

Following the logic of civil damage compensation system to compensate for damages,the current principles of compensa-tion for ecological environment damage in China are characterized by the pursuit of"complete compensation",the abandonment of"pu-nitive compensation",the combination of"ecological restoration"and"money compensation".The application of this principle will make the judicial practice face a series of difficulties,such as easily lead to excessive compensation,difficult to rationally evaluate the value of the ecological environment loss,can not play a penalty function to regulate malicious damage to the ecological environment.From the perspective of ecological environment as a public common property,the scientific compensation principles for ecological envi-ronment damage should consider the factors such as the degree of protection of ecological interests,the negative external effects of eco-logical environment damage behaviors,the degree of subjective fault of the perpetrator and other factors,in addition to the constituent elements of civil liability for compensation.Therefore,the compensation principle should include the important contents of the principle of ecological carrying capacity,ecological restoration priority and punitive damage.