要素禀赋、工资差距与人力资本形成

Factor Endowment, Wage Inequality and Human Capital Formation

本文使用2003—2015年间我国31个省(市、自治区)际面板数据,通过引入常替代弹性生产函数和要素的垄断竞争假设,结合异质性企业贸易模型并加以拓展,探讨要素市场出清条件下要素收益决定机制,构建要素禀赋异质性、工资差距条件下人力资本形成的动态演化模型,实证分析工资差距背景下要素禀赋对人力资本形成的影响。研究发现:(1)资本存量的增加不利于人力资本形成,但劳动力的丰裕供给有利于人力资本形成;(2)高技能劳动力和低技能劳动力的工资差距对人力资本形成产生显著的正向影响;(3)工资差距显著促进了资本存量对人力资本形成的激励作用,却显著抑制了劳动力对人力资本形成的激励作用。研究表明,由物质要素密集投入转向知识要素密集投入、由粗放型外延增长转向集约型内涵提升的经济发展"新常态"进程中,资本对人力资本形成的影响不如劳动力、工资差距,从资本到人力资本的跳跃还存在不确定性,同时工资差距还和要素禀赋存在异质性的交互作用,共同影响人力资本形成。

At present,China must simultaneously deal with the slowdown in economic growth,make difficult structural adjustments,and absorb the effects of previous economic stimulus policies.The characteristics of the new normal of economic development have emerged,requiring China to innovate its development model and take the path of innovation-driven development.However,regardless of the cultivation of individual innovation ability,the improvement of enterprise innovation ability or the formation of social innovation vitality,human capital is the core element.Therefore,understanding the formation mechanism of human capital is the key to China s sustained economic growth and industrial structure transformation and upgrading.Some studies have shown that education and health are the main types of human capital formation,but whether human capital formation is a natural phenomenon or a human impact during economic development deserves further research.At the moment,the research on human capital formation is mainly based on the neoclassical analysis framework.This is bound to introduce an irreconcilable dilemma:human capital formation is based on its high reward,but there are many interference factors of the skill premium of human capital so complete market cannot be realiged under imperfect competition conditions.Meanwhile,only a few scholars have carried out theoretical research on factor endowment and human capital formation.Moreover,the academic community has not paid much attention to the influence of the inherent phenomenon of the wage inequality development process on human capital formation.By introducing a constant elasticity of substitution production function,the monopoly competition hypothesis and an extended heterogeneous enterprise trade model,this paper discusses the factor return determination mechanism under the conditions of factor market clearing,builds a dynamic evolution model of human capital formation under the conditions of factor endowment heterogeneity and wage inequality,and empirically analyzes the impact of factor endowment on human capital formation against the background of wage inequality.This paper arrives at three findings.First,the increase of capital stock inhibits human capital formation,but the abundant supply of labor is favorable for human capital formation.Second,the wage inequality between high-and low-skilled labor has a significant positive impact on human capital formation.Third,wage inequality significantly promotes the incentive effect of capital stock on human capital formation,but significantly represses the incentive effect of labor on human capital formation.Therefore,this paper puts forward the following policy suggestions.The government should increase investment in education to promote the transformation of low-skilled labor into human capital.Meanwhile,the government should accelerate industrial structure transformation to open up a broad demand market for human capital formation.This would improve the mechanism of income distribution,so that human capital investment can be paid accordingly,increase the skill premium level of skilled personnel to improve innovation and creativity,and supply fertile soil for human capital formation.This paper makes the following main contributions.First,it creatively introduces heterogeneous labor to extend the heterogeneous enterprise trade model,and constructs a model that includes low-and high-skilled labor and capital participation in production,describing the interactive influence and dynamic evolution of factor endowment,wage inequality and human capital formation.Second,this paper tests the impact of factor endowment,wage inequality and their mutual influence on human capital formation,providing policy references for human capital formation in China under the innovation-driven development strategy.Third,this paper verifies that the high income expectation introduced by wage inequality is an important reason for human capital formation,which means that wage inequality as a price signal is conducive to human capital formation.