心—意—知:《大学》中的心灵结构

Mind-Will-Knowledge:the Structure of Mind in the Great Learning

《大学》的心、意、知各有不同内涵,界限明确,而一般容易作泛化理解,如:以意言心、以知言心、以二者之合言心,其共同点在于未能把握"心"自身之独特内涵,而将"心意知"结构化约为"意知"结构。此外,基于佛学与西学尤其是唯识学与现象学的比较视野下之解读,尤其是以"心"为第八识或第七识,"知"为第六识之自证分或自身意识,凡此不无启发。而在作为重心的儒学史解释中,朱子所言心之体段、阳明之良知、蕺山之意与船山之志,言各有别,实则所指相同,即心意知之心,是从不同面向对"心"所作的描画,从而以不同方式确保《大学》的"心—意—知"结构,并突显其工夫和政教意蕴。对《大学》之心灵结构进行考察,有助于彰显一门系统的儒家式心学或儒家心灵哲学的大致轮廓。

The concepts of mind,will and knowledge in The Great Learning have different meanings,which own clear boundaries.But they were always understood too broadly,such as:to see the mind as the will,to see the mind as the knowledge,and to see the mind as the combination of two,which in common failed to grasp the unique connotation of“the mind”.Thus the structure of“mind-will-knowledge”was simplified to the structure of“will-knowledge”.In addition,Analysis which was based on the comparative perspective of Buddhism and Western learning,especially the vijbana-vada and phenomenology,for examples,to see the mind as alaya-vijbana or Manas-vijnana,to see the knowledge as the self-witnessing aspect of the the sixth vijnanas or self-consciousness,which is illuminating.And in the interpretation of the history of Confucianism,Zhuzi’s idea of the original appearance of mind,Wang Yang-ming’s idea of innate knowledge,Liu Ji-shan’s idea of will(yi),and Wang Chuan-shan’s idea of will(zhi),which although have different names,actually refers to the same concept of mind,describing it from different aspects,in order to ensure the structure of“mind-will-knowledge”.The study of the structure of the mind in The Great Learning helps to highlight the outline of a systematic Confucian philosophy of Mind.