人民性与组织化:20世纪下半叶民间戏曲兴衰的启示

The Role of People-Centeredness and Organization in Folk Drama in the Second Half of the 20th Century

20世纪末民间戏曲的衰微不能简单地归因于现代媒介和社会转型。通过对华县皮影戏历时性民族志的考察可发现,新中国成立以来,关中民间戏曲呈现出三次高潮,分别是1956年前后、1963年前后和20世纪80年代初期。探究其背后的社会原因,可以把握和梳理20世纪下半叶中国民间文化发展的脉络。人民性与组织化是两条重要的线索,将艺人组织起来,为他们提供组织、制度和机构等方面的保障,确保民间戏曲活动的繁荣,这是社会主义文艺的要求。人民性,即一切文艺是为了人民,依靠人民。在人民性的要求下,历史与时代有了更好的融合共振,文艺工作者和农民一起深入交流,共同探索共和国未来文化的方向。

We cannot simply attribute the decline of folk opera at the end of the 20th century to modern media and social transformation.Through an ethnographic case study of shadow play in Hua County,we can find that there were three climaxes of the folk opera in the central Shaanxi Plain after the founding of new China:about 1956,1963 and the early 1980s.The exploration of the social reasons behind it may help us sort out the development of Chinese folk culture in the second half of the 20th century.People-centeredness and organization are found to be two major clues that underpinned the development of folk opera.Organization is important in that it is the requirement of socialist art and literature to ensure the prosperity of folk opera by organizing the artists and providing them with organizational,institutional and institutional guarantee.People-centeredness means that all is for people and relying on people,under which history and the given times met and merged in a better way,thus enabling artists and farmers to conduct in-depth exchanges to explore the direction of the future cultural development.